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b(also)f(pro)n(vides)h(helpful)g(hin)n(ts)g(for)f(getting)g(help)200 523 y(and)j(reducing)e(o)n(v)n(erall)j(stress.)283 627 y(Chapter)c(2,)i Fu(Obtaining)j(and)f(Instal)s(ling)g(Linux)p FB(,)e(explains)f(ho)n(w)g(to)g (obtain)g(the)f(Lin)n(ux)i(soft)n(w)n(are,)f(as)g(w)n(ell)h(as)200 703 y(ho)n(w)j(to)f(install)h(it|from)e(repartitioning)g(y)n(our)i(driv)n(e,) g(creating)e(\014lesystems,)h(and)g(loading)g(the)g(soft)n(w)n(are)g(on)200 778 y(the)d(system.)23 b(It)17 b(con)n(tains)f(instructions)f(mean)n(t)h(to)g (b)r(e)g(general)g(for)h(an)n(y)g(distribution)f(of)h(Lin)n(ux,)h(and)f (relies)g(on)200 854 y(the)g(do)r(cumen)n(tation)e(pro)n(vided)i(for)h(y)n (our)g(particular)f(release)f(to)i(\014ll)h(in)g(an)n(y)f(gaps.)283 958 y(Chapter)25 b(3,)k Fu(Linux)e(T)l(utorial)p FB(,)j(is)d(a)g(complete)d (in)n(tro)r(duction)h(to)h(using)g(the)g(Lin)n(ux)h(system)e(for)h(UNIX)200 1034 y(no)n(vices.)e(If)19 b(y)n(ou)f(ha)n(v)n(e)h(previous)e(UNIX)g(exp)r 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b(a)h(listing)f(of)g(other)f(sources)f(of)i(information)e(ab)r(out)200 1726 y(Lin)n(ux,)e(including)f(newsgroups,)e(mailing)i(lists,)h(online)f(do)r (cumen)n(ts,)d(and)j(b)r(o)r(oks.)283 1830 y(App)r(endix)d(B,)i Fu(Linux)h(V)l(endor)h(List)p FB(,)e(pro)n(vides)f(a)g(short)f(list)i(of)f (soft)n(w)n(are)f(v)n(endors)h(o\013ering)g(Lin)n(ux)g(soft)n(w)n(are)200 1906 y(and)i(services.)283 2010 y(App)r(endix)i(C,)k Fu(FTP)f(T)l(utorial)g (and)h(Site)h(List)p FB(,)e(is)f(a)g(tutorial)f(for)g(do)n(wnloading)h (\014les)f(from)g(the)g(In)n(ternet)200 2086 y(with)d(FTP)-5 b(.)19 b(This)f(app)r(endix)f(also)h(includes)g(a)g(listing)g(of)g(FTP)g(arc) n(hiv)n(e)h(sites)e(whic)n(h)i(carry)e(Lin)n(ux)i(soft)n(w)n(are.)283 2190 y(App)r(endix)c(D,)i Fu(Linux)h(BBS)g(List)p FB(,)f(is)f(a)g(listing)h (of)f(bulletin)g(b)r(oard)f(systems)f(w)n(orldwide)i(whic)n(h)h(carry)e(Lin)n (ux)200 2266 y(soft)n(w)n(are.)39 b(Because)22 b(most)g(Lin)n(ux)h(users)g 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y(Sp)r(ecial)i(thanks)f(to)i(the)f(m)n(yriad)g(of)h(readers)d(who)j(ha)n (v)n(e)g(sen)n(t)f(their)g(helpful)h(commen)n(ts)c(and)k(corrections.)200 951 y(There)d(are)g(far)h(to)r(o)f(man)n(y)h(to)f(list)i(here.)k(Who)18 b(needs)f(a)h(sp)r(ell)g(c)n(hec)n(k)n(er,)h(when)e(y)n(ou)i(ha)n(v)n(e)f(an) g(audience?)2315 1094 y(Matt)f(W)-5 b(elsh)2202 1170 y(13)18 b(Jan)n(uary)g(1994)200 1392 y Ft(Credits)30 b(and)g(Legalese)200 1551 y FB(The)24 b(Lin)n(ux)h(Do)r(cumen)n(tation)20 b(Pro)s(ject)j(is)i(a)f (lo)r(ose)f(team)g(of)h(writers,)h(pro)r(ofreaders,)d(and)i(editors)f(who)h (are)200 1627 y(w)n(orking)18 b(on)f(a)h(set)e(of)i(de\014nitiv)n(e)f(Lin)n (ux)h(man)n(uals.)23 b(The)18 b(o)n(v)n(erall)g(co)r(ordinator)d(of)i(the)g (pro)s(ject)e(is)j(Matt)f(W)-5 b(elsh,)200 1703 y(aided)18 b(b)n(y)g(Lars)g(Wirzenius)f(and)h(Mic)n(hael)g(K.)g(Johnson.)283 1807 y(This)d(man)n(ual)f(is)i(but)e(one)h(in)g(a)g(set)f(of)h(sev)n(eral)g 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b(on)i(con\014guring)f(more)f(adv)m(anced)h(asp)r(ects)f (of)i(Lin)n(ux,)i(suc)n(h)e(as)g(the)g(X)g(Windo)n(w)h(System,)338 1891 y(net)n(w)n(orking)d(with)g(TCP/IP)f(and)h(SLIP)-5 b(,)18 b(and)g(the)f(setup)g(of)h(electronic)e(mail)i(and)g(news)g(systems.)283 2040 y(This)e(b)r(o)r(ok)f(is)i(for)e(the)h(p)r(ersonal)e(computer)f(user)i (wishing)h(to)g(get)f(started)f(with)i(Lin)n(ux.)24 b(W)-5 b(e)17 b(don't)e(assume)200 2116 y(previous)e(UNIX)g(exp)r(erience,)g(but)h (do)g(exp)r(ect)e(no)n(vices)i(to)g(refer)f(to)g(other)g(materials)f(along)i (the)f(w)n(a)n(y)-5 b(.)25 b(F)-5 b(or)15 b(those)200 2191 y(unfamiliar)20 b(with)i(UNIX,)e(a)i(list)f(of)h(useful)e(sources)g(of)h (information)e(is)j(giv)n(en)g(in)g(App)r(endix)e(A.)34 b(In)21 b(general,)200 2267 y(this)d(b)r(o)r(ok)f(is)h(mean)n(t)f(to)h(b)r(e)f(read)g (along)h(with)g(another)e(b)r(o)r(ok)h(on)h(basic)f(UNIX)g(concepts.)200 2493 y Ft(1.2)92 b(A)31 b(Brief)f(History)f(of)h(Lin)m(ux)200 2652 y FB(UNIX)15 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y(ging)i(w)n(as)g(easier.)23 b(I)16 b(started)e(using)i(C)g(at)f(this)h (stage,)f(and)g(it)i(certainly)d(sp)r(eeds)h(up)g(dev)n(elop)r(emen)n(t.)338 1554 y(This)k(is)g(also)f(when)g(I)g(start)f(to)h(get)g(serious)f(ab)r(out)g (m)n(y)h(megalomaniac)d(ideas)j(to)g(mak)n(e)g(`a)g(b)r(etter)338 1629 y(Minix)h(than)e(Minix'.)26 b(I)18 b(w)n(as)h(hoping)e(I'd)h(b)r(e)g (able)g(to)f(recompile)f Fv(gcc)j FB(under)e(Lin)n(ux)h(some)f(da)n(y)p Fw(:)9 b(:)g(:)421 1705 y FB(\\Tw)n(o)20 b(mon)n(ths)d(for)i(basic)g(setup,)g (but)f(then)h(only)g(sligh)n(tly)h(longer)f(un)n(til)h(I)f(had)g(a)g (disk-driv)n(er)338 1781 y(\(seriously)e(buggy)-5 b(,)17 b(but)g(it)g(happ)r (ened)e(to)h(w)n(ork)i(on)f(m)n(y)g(mac)n(hine\))f(and)g(a)h(small)g (\014lesystem.)23 b(That)338 1856 y(w)n(as)g(ab)r(out)e(when)g(I)i(made)e (0.01)h(a)n(v)m(ailable)h([around)e(late)h(August)f(of)h(1991]:)32 b(it)23 b(w)n(asn't)f(prett)n(y)-5 b(,)338 1932 y(it)21 b(had)e(no)h(\015opp) 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2435 y(but)17 b(the)h(outlo)r(ok)f(is)h(go)r(o)r(d.)283 2539 y(In)g(Chapter)f(5)h(w)n(e'll) h(talk)g(ab)r(out)d(the)h(MS-DOS)i(to)r(ols)e(a)n(v)m(ailable)h(for)g(Lin)n (ux.)200 2734 y Fh(1.4.8)75 b(Other)25 b(applications)200 2874 y FB(A)18 b(host)g(of)g(miscellan)n(y)g(is)h(a)n(v)m(ailable)g(for)f(Lin)n (ux,)h(as)g(one)e(w)n(ould)i(exp)r(ect)e(from)g(suc)n(h)h(a)h(ho)r(dgep)r(o)r (dg)o(e)c(op)r(erating)200 2950 y(system.)23 b(Lin)n(ux's)17 b(primary)f(fo)r(cus)g(is)h(curren)n(tly)f(for)h(p)r(ersonal)e(UNIX)h (computing,)f(but)h(this)h(is)h(rapidly)f(c)n(hang-)200 3025 y(ing.)30 b(Business)19 b(and)h(scien)n(ti\014c)f(soft)n(w)n(are)g(is)h (expanding,)g(and)f(commercial)e(soft)n(w)n(are)i(v)n(endors)h(are)f(b)r (eginning)200 3101 y(to)f(con)n(tribute)e(to)h(the)h(gro)n(wing)f(p)r(o)r(ol) g(of)h(applications.)283 3205 y(Sev)n(eral)13 b(relational)f(databases)f(are) i(a)n(v)m(ailable)g(for)g(Lin)n(ux,)i(including)e(P)n(ostgres,)g(Ingres,)h (and)e(Mbase.)22 b(These)200 3281 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b(en)n(tire)g(Lin)n(ux)h(k)n(ernel)f(w)n(as)h(written)e Fu(fr)m(om)200 2778 y(scr)m(atch)p FB(,)22 b(without)c(emplo)n(ying)g(an)n(y)i(co)r(de)d (from)h(proprietary)f(sources.)26 b(A)19 b(great)f(deal)g(of)h(w)n(ork)h(w)n (as)f(put)f(forth)200 2854 y(b)n(y)24 b(v)n(olun)n(teers)e(to)g(p)r(ort)g (all)h(of)g(the)f(free)g(soft)n(w)n(are)g(under)g(the)g(sun)h(to)f(the)g(Lin) n(ux)h(system.)38 b(Libraries)22 b(w)n(ere)200 2929 y(written)17 b(and)g(p)r(orted,)g(\014lesystems)f(dev)n(elop)r(ed,)h(and)h(hardw)n(are)e (driv)n(ers)i(written)f(for)h(man)n(y)g(p)r(opular)e(devices.)283 3034 y(The)e(Lin)n(ux)h(soft)n(w)n(are)f(is)h(generally)f(released)f(as)h(a)h Fu(distribution)p FB(,)33 b(whic)n(h)15 b(is)g(a)f(set)g(of)h(pre-pac)n(k)m (aged)d(soft)n(w)n(are)200 3109 y(making)19 b(up)h(an)f(en)n(tire)h(system.) 28 b(It)20 b(w)n(ould)g(b)r(e)f(quite)h(di\016cult)g(for)f(most)g(users)g(to) g(build)h(a)g(complete)e(system)200 3185 y(from)k(the)g(ground)g(up,)i 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y(install)e(and)g(run)f(a)h(complete)e(system.)26 b(No)19 b(distribution)e(of)i(Lin)n(ux)h(is)f(completely)f(bug-free,)g(so)h (y)n(ou)g(ma)n(y)g(b)r(e)200 439 y(required)h(to)g(\014x)h(small)f(problems)f (b)n(y)i(hand)f(after)g(installation.)31 b(Running)20 b(a)h(UNIX)e(system)g (is)i(not)f(an)h(easy)200 515 y(task,)h(not)e(ev)n(en)h(for)f(commercial)e(v) n(ersions)j(of)g(UNIX.)f(If)h(y)n(ou're)g(serious)f(ab)r(out)f(Lin)n(ux,)j(b) r(ear)e(in)h(mind)g(that)200 591 y(it)f(will)g(tak)n(e)f(a)h(considerable)d (amoun)n(t)g(of)j(e\013ort)e(and)h(atten)n(tion)e(on)i(y)n(our)h(part)e(to)h (k)n(eep)g(the)g(system)e(running)200 666 y(and)f(tak)n(e)g(care)g(of)g (things:)23 b(this)16 b(is)h(true)f(of)g Fu(any)22 b FB(UNIX)15 b(system,)h(and)g(Lin)n(ux)h(is)g(no)f(exception.)23 b(Because)15 b(of)h(the)200 742 y(div)n(ersit)n(y)23 b(of)e(the)g(Lin)n(ux)h(comm)n(unit)n (y)f(and)g(the)g(man)n(y)g(needs)g(whic)n(h)h(the)f(soft)n(w)n(are)g(is)h (attempting)c(to)k(meet,)200 818 y(not)17 b(ev)n(eything)h(can)f(b)r(e)h(tak) n(en)f(care)g(of)i(for)e(y)n(ou)i(all)g(of)f(the)f(time.)200 1012 y Fh(1.6.1)75 b(Hin)n(ts)26 b(for)f(UNIX)h(no)n(vices)200 1152 y FB(Installing)15 b(and)g(using)g(y)n(our)g(o)n(wn)g(Lin)n(ux)h(system) e(do)r(es)g(not)g(require)h(a)g(great)f(deal)g(of)i(bac)n(kground)d(in)j (UNIX.)e(In)200 1228 y(fact,)k(man)n(y)h(UNIX)e(no)n(vices)i(successfully)e (install)i(Lin)n(ux)g(on)g(their)f(systems.)25 b(This)19 b(is)g(a)f(w)n(orth) n(while)h(learning)200 1304 y(exp)r(erience,)14 b(but)g(k)n(eep)h(in)g(mind)f (that)g(it)h(can)f(b)r(e)g(v)n(ery)i(frustrating)c(to)j(some.)22 b(If)15 b(y)n(ou're)g(luc)n(ky)-5 b(,)17 b(y)n(ou)e(will)i(b)r(e)d(able)200 1379 y(to)i(install)h(and)f(start)f(using)h(y)n(our)h(Lin)n(ux)g(system)d (without)i(an)n(y)h(UNIX)e(bac)n(kground.)23 b(Ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)17 b(once)e(y)n(ou)i(are)200 1455 y(ready)h(to)g(delv)n(e)h(in)n(to)f(the)g (more)f(complex)g(tasks)h(of)g(running)g(Lin)n(ux|installing)h(new)f(soft)n 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b(o)n(v)n(erview)200 1130 y FB(While)c(eac)n(h)f(release)f(of)i(Lin)n(ux)g(is)g(di\013eren)n(t,)h (in)f(general)e(the)h(metho)r(d)e(used)i(to)g(install)h(the)f(soft)n(w)n(are) f(is)i(as)200 1206 y(follo)n(ws:)268 1354 y(1.)j Fx(Repartition)g(y)n(our)g (hard)h(driv)n(e\(s\).)39 b FB(If)23 b(y)n(ou)h(ha)n(v)n(e)f(other)f(op)r (erating)f(systems)g(already)h(installed,)338 1430 y(y)n(ou)e(will)h(need)e (to)g Fu(r)m(ep)m(artition)28 b FB(the)18 b(driv)n(es)i(in)g(order)f(to)g (allo)r(cate)f(space)g(for)h(Lin)n(ux.)30 b(This)20 b(is)g(discussed)338 1506 y(in)f(Section)e(2.2.4,)h(b)r(elo)n(w.)268 1626 y(2.)27 b Fx(Bo)r(ot)21 b(the)g(Lin)n(ux)g(installation)f(media.)j FB(Eac)n(h)18 b(distribution)e(of)i(Lin)n(ux)g(has)g(some)e(kind)i(of)g (installa-)338 1701 y(tion)c(media|usually)g(a)g(\\b)r(o)r(ot)f(\015opp)n (y"|whic)n(h)h(is)h(used)e(to)h(install)h(the)f(soft)n(w)n(are.)22 b(Bo)r(oting)13 b(this)h(media)338 1777 y(will)23 b(either)e(presen)n(t)f(y)n (ou)i(with)f(some)f(kind)i(of)g(installation)f(program,)f(whic)n(h)i(will)h (step)d(y)n(ou)i(through)338 1853 y(the)c(Lin)n(ux)g(installation,)g(or)g (allo)n(w)h(y)n(ou)f(to)g(install)g(the)g(soft)n(w)n(are)f(b)n(y)i(hand.)268 1973 y(3.)27 b Fx(Create)20 b(Lin)n(ux)g(partitions.)j FB(After)16 b(repartitioning)e(to)i(allo)r(cate)f(space)g(for)i(Lin)n(ux,)g(y)n(ou)g (create)e(Lin)n(ux)338 2048 y(partitions)h(on)i(that)e(empt)n(y)h(space.)23 b(This)18 b(is)g(accomplished)d(with)i(the)g(Lin)n(ux)h Fv(fdisk)g FB(program,)e(co)n(v)n(ered)338 2124 y(in)j(Section)e(2.3.3.)268 2244 y(4.)27 b Fx(Create)19 b(\014lesystems)e(and)j(sw)n(ap)f(space.)24 b FB(A)n(t)15 b(this)h(p)r(oin)n(t,)g(y)n(ou)g(will)h(create)d(one)h(or)g (more)f Fu(\014lesystems)p FB(,)338 2320 y(used)i(to)h(store)e(\014les,)j(on) e(the)g(newly-created)f(partitions.)23 b(In)17 b(addition,)f(if)i(y)n(ou)f (plan)g(to)f(use)g(sw)n(ap)h(space,)338 2396 y(y)n(ou)e(will)h(create)c(the)h 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b(c)n(hapter)f(that)g(an)n(y)i(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)d(of)j(the)e (ab)r(o)n(v)n(e)h(steps)f(ma)n(y)i(b)r(e)e(automated)e(for)j(y)n(ou,)j(dep)r (ending)23 b(on)i(the)200 3118 y(distribution.)283 3223 y(The)18 b(Slac)n(kw)n(are)g(distribution)e(of)i(Lin)n(ux,)h(co)n(v)n(ered)e(in)i (this)f(b)r(o)r(ok,)f(only)h(requires)f(y)n(ou)i(to)e(repartition)f(y)n(our) 200 3298 y(driv)n(e,)j(using)f Fv(fdisk)p FB(,)h(and)e(use)h(the)f Fv(setup)i FB(program)d(to)h(accomplish)g(the)g(other)g(steps.)p eop %%Page: 45 60 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(2.2.)49 b(Preparing)21 b(to)g(Install)g(Lin)n(ux)1466 b FB(45)283 108 y Fx(Imp)r(ortan)n(t)22 b(hin)n(t:)k FB(While)19 b(preparing)f(to)g(install)i(Lin)n(ux,)g(the)e(b)r (est)f(advice)i(that)f(w)n(e)h(can)g(giv)n(e)g(is)h(to)e Fu(take)200 184 y(notes)26 b FB(during)20 b(the)g(en)n(tire)g(pro)r(cedure.)29 b(W)-5 b(rite)20 b(do)n(wn)g(ev)n(erything)g(that)f(y)n(ou)i(do,)h(ev)n (erything)d(that)h(y)n(ou)h(t)n(yp)r(e,)200 259 y(and)15 b(ev)n(erything)g (that)f(y)n(ou)i(see)e(that)h(migh)n(t)f(b)r(e)h(out)g(of)g(the)g(ordinary)-5 b(.)23 b(The)15 b(idea)g(here)g(is)h(simple:)22 b(if)16 b(\(or)f(when!\))200 335 y(y)n(ou)24 b(run)g(in)n(to)g(trouble,)h(y)n(ou)f(w)n(an)n(t)g(to)g(b)r (e)f(able)h(to)f(retrace)f(y)n(our)i(steps)f(and)h(\014nd)f(out)g(what)h(w)n (en)n(t)g(wrong.)200 411 y(Installing)18 b(Lin)n(ux)h(isn't)f(di\016cult,)h (but)f(there)f(are)g(man)n(y)h(details)g(to)g(remem)n(b)r(er.)k(Y)-5 b(ou)18 b(w)n(an)n(t)h(to)f(ha)n(v)n(e)h(a)f(record)200 486 y(of)d(all)i(of)e(these)f(details)h(so)h(that)e(y)n(ou)i(can)f(exp)r(erimen)n (t)e(with)i(other)f(metho)r(ds)f(if)j(something)d(go)r(es)h(wrong.)23 b(Also,)200 562 y(k)n(eeping)14 b(a)h(noteb)r(o)r(ok)d(of)i(y)n(our)h(Lin)n (ux)g(installation)e(exp)r(erience)f(is)j(useful)g(when)e(y)n(ou)i(w)n(an)n (t)g(to)f(ask)h(other)e(p)r(eople)200 638 y(for)19 b(help,)i(for)e(example,)g (when)h(p)r(osting)e(a)i(message)d(to)j(one)f(of)g(the)g(Lin)n(ux-related)g (USENET)g(groups.)28 b(Y)-5 b(our)200 714 y(noteb)r(o)r(ok)15 b(is)k(also)f(something)e(that)h(y)n(ou'll)i(w)n(an)n(t)g(to)e(sho)n(w)h(to)g (y)n(our)g(grandc)n(hildren)f(someda)n(y)-5 b(.)2245 693 y Fl(4)200 908 y Fh(2.2.2)75 b(Repartitioning)27 b(concepts)200 1048 y FB(In)22 b(general,)h(hard)e(driv)n(es)i(are)e(divided)i(in)n(to)f Fu(p)m(artitions)p FB(,)k(where)c(a)g(single)g(partition)f(is)i(dev)n(oted)e (to)h(a)g(single)200 1124 y(op)r(erating)c(system.)28 b(F)-5 b(or)20 b(example,)g(on)g(one)f(hard)g(driv)n(e,)i(y)n(ou)g(ma)n(y)f(ha)n(v)n (e)g(sev)n(eral)g(separate)d(partitions|one)200 1199 y(dev)n(oted)g(to,)h(sa) n(y)-5 b(,)19 b(MS-DOS,)g(another)d(to)i(OS/2,)g(and)g(another)e(to)h(Lin)n (ux.)283 1304 y(If)h(y)n(ou)g(already)g(ha)n(v)n(e)g(other)e(soft)n(w)n(are)h (installed)h(on)f(y)n(our)h(system,)f(y)n(ou)h(ma)n(y)g(need)f(to)g(resize)g (those)g(parti-)200 1379 y(tions)h(in)h(order)e(to)i(free)e(up)i(space)e(for) h(Lin)n(ux.)27 b(Y)-5 b(ou)18 b(will)i(then)e(create)e(one)i(or)h(more)e(Lin) n(ux)i(partitions)e(on)h(the)200 1455 y(resulting)12 b(free)g(space)f(for)i (storing)e(the)h(Lin)n(ux)i(soft)n(w)n(are)e(and)g(sw)n(ap)h(space.)21 b(W)-5 b(e)13 b(call)h(this)e(pro)r(cess)f Fu(r)m(ep)m(artitioning)p FB(.)283 1559 y(Man)n(y)20 b(MS-DOS)h(systems)d(utilize)i(a)g(single)g (partition)f(inhabiting)g(the)g(en)n(tire)h(driv)n(e.)30 b(T)-5 b(o)21 b(MS-DOS,)g(this)200 1635 y(partition)16 b(is)h(kno)n(wn)h(as)f Fv(C:)p FB(.)24 b(If)18 b(y)n(ou)f(ha)n(v)n(e)h(more)d(than)i(one)f (partition,)g(MS-DOS)i(names)d(them)h Fv(D:)p FB(,)i Fv(E:)p FB(,)g(and)e(so)200 1711 y(on.)24 b(In)19 b(a)f(w)n(a)n(y)-5 b(,)20 b(eac)n(h)d(partition)g(acts)g(lik)n(e)j(a)e(separate)d(hard)j(driv)n (e.)283 1815 y(On)d(the)e(\014rst)h(sector)f(of)h(the)g(disk)h(is)g(a)g Fx(master)h(b)r(o)r(ot)h(record)f FB(along)e(with)g(a)h Fx(partition)h(table) p FB(.)24 b(The)14 b(b)r(o)r(ot)200 1891 y(record)k(\(as)h(the)g(name)f (implies\))h(is)i(used)e(to)g(b)r(o)r(ot)f(the)h(system.)28 b(The)19 b(partition)g(table)g(con)n(tains)f(information)200 1967 y(ab)r(out)e(the)i(lo)r(cations)e(and)i(sizes)f(of)h(y)n(our)h (partitions.)283 2071 y(There)26 b(are)h(three)f(kinds)h(of)h(partitions:)41 b Fx(primary)p FB(,)30 b Fx(extended)p FB(,)h(and)c Fx(logical)p FB(.)51 b(Of)28 b(these,)h(primary)200 2147 y(partitions)19 b(are)h(used)h(most)e(often.)32 b(Ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)21 b(b)r(ecause)e(of)i(a) g(limit)f(in)i(the)e(size)g(of)h(the)f(partition)g(table,)h(y)n(ou)200 2222 y(can)c(only)i(ha)n(v)n(e)g(four)e(primary)g(partitions)g(on)g(an)n(y)i (giv)n(en)f(driv)n(e.)283 2327 y(The)f(w)n(a)n(y)i(around)e(this)g (four-partition)f(limit)i(is)g(to)g(use)f(an)g(extended)f(partition.)23 b(An)18 b(extended)e(partition)200 2402 y(do)r(esn't)k(hold)h(an)n(y)i(data)d (b)n(y)i(itself;)i(instead,)e(it)g(acts)e(as)i(a)f(\\con)n(tainer")f(for)h (logical)h(partitions.)33 b(Therefore,)200 2478 y(y)n(ou)17 b(could)f(create)f(one)h(extended)e(partition,)i(co)n(v)n(ering)h(the)e(en)n 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(eci\014c)e(part)g(of)i(the)e(directory)g(tree;)h(for)g(example,)g(on)g(man)n (y)g(systems,)f(there)g(is)i(a)g(\014lesystem)d(for)j(all)p 200 3266 960 3 v 262 3302 a Fk(4)285 3317 y Fi(The)12 b(author)h(shamefully)f (admits)g(that)h(he)g(k)o(ept)f(a)g(noteb)q(o)q(ok)g(of)h(all)f(of)g(his)h (tribulations)f(with)h(Lin)o(ux)g(for)g(the)g(\014rst)g(few)f(mon)o(ths)200 3377 y(of)k(w)o(orking)e(with)j(the)f(system.)k(It)c(is)f(no)o(w)g(gathering) g(dust)h(on)f(his)h(b)q(o)q(okshelf.)p eop %%Page: 46 61 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(2.2.)49 b(Preparing)21 b(to)g(Install)g(Lin)n(ux)1466 b FB(46)200 108 y(of)17 b(the)g(\014les)g(in)h (the)e(directory)g Fv(/usr)p FB(,)j(another)c(for)i Fv(/tmp)p FB(,)h(and)f(so)g(on.)25 b(The)17 b Fx(ro)r(ot)i(\014lesystem)e FB(is)h(the)f(primary)200 184 y(\014lesystem,)g(whic)n(h)h(corresp)r(onds)d (to)i(the)h(topmost)d(directory)-5 b(,)18 b Fv(/)p FB(.)283 288 y(Under)d(Lin)n(ux,)i(eac)n(h)f(\014lesystem)f(liv)n(es)i(on)f(a)h (separate)d(partition)g(on)j(the)e(hard)h(driv)n(e.)24 b(F)-5 b(or)16 b(instance,)g(if)h(y)n(ou)200 364 y(ha)n(v)n(e)e(a)f(\014lesystem)f (for)h Fv(/)h FB(and)f(another)f(for)h Fv(/usr)p FB(,)i(y)n(ou)f(will)h(need) d(t)n(w)n(o)i(partitions)e(to)h(hold)g(the)g(t)n(w)n(o)h(\014lesystems.)283 468 y(Before)23 b(y)n(ou)h(install)g(Lin)n(ux,)i(y)n(ou)e(will)i(need)c(to)i (prepare)e(\014lesystems)f(for)j(storing)f(the)g(Lin)n(ux)h(soft)n(w)n(are.) 200 544 y(Y)-5 b(ou)16 b(m)n(ust)f(ha)n(v)n(e)h(at)g(least)f(one)h (\014lesystem)e(\(the)h(ro)r(ot)f(\014lesystem\),)h(and)g(therefore)f(one)h (partition,)h(allo)r(cated)e(to)200 619 y(Lin)n(ux.)25 b(Man)n(y)18 b(Lin)n(ux)g(users)e(opt)h(to)g(store)f(all)i(of)g(their)e(\014les)i(on)f (the)g(ro)r(ot)f(\014lesystem,)g(whic)n(h)i(is)g(in)f(most)f(cases)200 695 y(easier)h(to)h(manage)e(than)h(sev)n(eral)h(\014lesystems)e(and)i (partitions.)283 799 y(Ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)f(y)n(ou)g(ma)n(y)g(create)d(m)n (ultiple)i(\014lesystems)f(for)h(Lin)n(ux)h(if)g(y)n(ou)g(wish|for)g (example,)f(y)n(ou)h(ma)n(y)f(w)n(an)n(t)200 875 y(to)21 b(use)g(separate)e (\014lesystems)g(for)i Fv(/usr)h FB(and)f Fv(/home)p FB(.)35 b(Those)20 b(readers)g(with)h(UNIX)f(system)g(administration)200 951 y(exp)r(erience)c(will)k(kno)n(w)f(ho)n(w)g(to)f(use)g(m)n(ultiple)g (\014lesystems)f(creativ)n(ely)-5 b(.)26 b(In)18 b(Chapter)f(4)i(w)n(e)g (discuss)f(the)f(use)h(of)200 1026 y(m)n(ultiple)g(partitions)e(and)i (\014lesystems.)283 1131 y(Wh)n(y)23 b(use)f(more)f(than)g(one)h (\014lesystem?)36 b(The)22 b(most)f(commonly)f(stated)h(reason)g(is)i(safet)n (y;)h(if,)h(for)d(some)200 1206 y(reason,)g(one)f(of)h(y)n(our)h (\014lesystems)d(is)i(damaged,)f(the)h(others)e(will)k(\(usually\))d(b)r(e)g (unharmed.)34 b(On)22 b(the)g(other)200 1282 y(hand,)k(if)g(y)n(ou)f(store)f (all)i(of)f(y)n(our)g(\014les)g(on)f(the)h(ro)r(ot)e(\014lesystem,)i(and)g (for)f(some)g(reason)f(the)i(\014lesystem)e(is)200 1358 y(damaged,)16 b(then)h(y)n(ou)i(ma)n(y)e(lose)h(all)h(of)f(y)n(our)g(\014les)g(in)h(one)e (fell)i(sw)n(o)r(op.)24 b(This)18 b(is,)h(ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)g(rather)d (uncommon;)200 1434 y(if)j(y)n(ou)f(bac)n(kup)g(the)f(system)g(regularly)g(y) n(ou)i(should)e(b)r(e)h(quite)g(safe.)1660 1414 y Fl(5)283 1538 y FB(Another)e(reason)i(to)g(use)g(m)n(ultiple)g(\014lesystems)f(is)i (to)f(divvy)i(up)f(storage)d(b)r(et)n(w)n(een)i(m)n(ultiple)g(hard)g(driv)n (es.)200 1614 y(If)f(y)n(ou)h(ha)n(v)n(e,)g(sa)n(y)-5 b(,)18 b(40)f(megab)n(ytes)d(free)i(on)h(one)f(hard)h(driv)n(e,)h(and)e(50)h(megab)n (ytes)d(free)i(on)h(another,)f(y)n(ou)h(migh)n(t)200 1689 y(w)n(an)n(t)j(to)f (create)e(a)j(40-megab)n(yte)d(ro)r(ot)h(\014lesystem)f(on)i(the)g(\014rst)g (driv)n(e)h(and)e(a)i(50-megab)n(yte)d Fv(/usr)j FB(\014lesystem)200 1765 y(on)e(the)f(other.)23 b(Curren)n(tly)17 b(it)i(is)f(not)g(p)r(ossible)f (for)g(a)h(single)g(\014lesystem)e(to)i(span)f(m)n(ultiple)h(driv)n(es;)g(if) h(y)n(our)f(free)200 1841 y(hard)g(driv)n(e)h(storage)e(is)j(fragmen)n(ted)c (b)r(et)n(w)n(een)h(driv)n(es)j(y)n(ou)f(will)h(need)e(to)h(use)f(m)n (ultiple)h(\014lesystems)e(to)h(utilize)200 1917 y(it)g(all.)283 2021 y(In)h(summary)-5 b(,)17 b(Lin)n(ux)i(requires)f(at)h(least)f(one)g (partition,)g(for)g(the)g(ro)r(ot)f(\014lesystem.)25 b(If)19 b(y)n(ou)g(wish)g(to)f(create)200 2097 y(m)n(ultiple)h(\014lesystems,)f(y)n (ou)i(will)h(need)d(a)h(separate)e(partition)h(for)h(eac)n(h)g(additional)g (\014lesystem.)26 b(Some)18 b(distri-)200 2172 y(butions)j(of)h(Lin)n(ux)h (automatically)c(create)i(partitions)f(and)i(\014lesystems)e(for)h(y)n(ou,)j (so)e(y)n(ou)h(ma)n(y)e(not)h(need)f(to)200 2248 y(w)n(orry)d(ab)r(out)e (these)h(issues)h(at)g(all.)283 2352 y(Another)e(issue)i(to)g(consider)f (when)g(planning)h(y)n(our)g(partitions)f(is)i(sw)n(ap)f(space.)24 b(If)19 b(y)n(ou)f(wish)h(to)f(use)f(sw)n(ap)200 2428 y(space)h(with)h(Lin)n (ux,)h(y)n(ou)f(ha)n(v)n(e)g(t)n(w)n(o)h(options.)26 b(The)18 b(\014rst)g(is)i(to)e(use)h(a)g Fu(swap)h(\014le)25 b FB(whic)n(h)19 b(exists)f(on)h(one)f(of)h(y)n(our)200 2504 y(Lin)n(ux)d(\014lesystems.)21 b(Y)-5 b(ou)15 b(will)h(create)e(the)g(sw)n(ap)h(\014le)g(for)g(use)f(as)h (virtual)g(RAM)g(after)f(y)n(ou)h(install)h(the)e(soft)n(w)n(are.)200 2579 y(The)22 b(second)g(option)g(is)h(to)g(create)d(a)j Fu(swap)h(p)m (artition)p FB(,)j(an)c(individual)g(partition)f(to)g(b)r(e)g(used)g(only)i (as)e(sw)n(ap)200 2655 y(space.)h(Most)18 b(p)r(eople)e(use)i(a)g(sw)n(ap)g (partition)f(instead)g(of)h(a)g(sw)n(ap)g(\014le.)283 2759 y(A)c(single)h(sw)n(ap)f(\014le)h(or)f(partition)f(ma)n(y)i(b)r(e)e(up)i(to)f (16)g(megab)n(ytes)e(in)j(size.)24 b(If)14 b(y)n(ou)h(wish)g(to)f(use)g(more) f(than)h(16)200 2835 y(megab)n(ytes)f(of)j(sw)n(ap,)g(y)n(ou)g(can)f(create)f (m)n(ultiple)h(sw)n(ap)h(partitions)e(or)h(\014les|up)g(to)h(eigh)n(t)f(in)h (all.)25 b(F)-5 b(or)15 b(example,)200 2911 y(if)k(y)n(ou)f(need)f(32)h (megab)n(ytes)e(of)i(sw)n(ap,)h(y)n(ou)f(can)g(create)e(t)n(w)n(o)i(16-megab) n(yte)e(sw)n(ap)i(partitions.)283 3015 y(Setting)f(up)h(a)g(sw)n(ap)g (partition)f(is)h(co)n(v)n(ered)g(in)g(Section)f(2.3.4,)i(and)e(setting)g(up) h(a)g(sw)n(ap)g(\014le)g(in)h(Chapter)d(4.)283 3120 y(Therefore,)j(in)i (general,)f(y)n(ou)h(will)h(create)d(at)h(least)g(t)n(w)n(o)h(partitions)e (for)h(Lin)n(ux:)30 b(one)20 b(for)g(use)g(as)g(the)g(ro)r(ot)200 3195 y(\014lesystem,)c(and)g(the)g(other)g(for)g(use)h(as)f(sw)n(ap)h(space.) 23 b(There)16 b(are,)h(of)g(course,)f(man)n(y)g(v)m(ariations)g(on)h(the)f (ab)r(o)n(v)n(e,)200 3271 y(but)i(this)h(is)h(the)e(minimal)g(setup.)27 b(Y)-5 b(ou)18 b(are)h(not)f(required)g(to)h(use)f(sw)n(ap)h(space)f(with)h (Lin)n(ux,)h(but)f(if)g(y)n(ou)h(ha)n(v)n(e)p 200 3317 960 3 v 262 3358 a Fk(5)285 3374 y Fi(The)15 b(author)h(uses)f(a)g(single)g (200-megab)o(yte)e(\014lesystem)i(for)h(all)f(of)g(his)h(Lin)o(ux)g(\014les,) f(and)g(hasn't)h(had)f(an)o(y)g(problems)g(\(so)g(far\).)p eop %%Page: 47 62 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(2.2.)49 b(Preparing)21 b(to)g(Install)g(Lin)n(ux)1466 b FB(47)200 108 y(less)18 b(than)f(16)h(megab) n(ytes)e(of)i(ph)n(ysical)g(RAM)g(it)g(is)h(strongly)e(suggested)f(that)h(y)n (ou)h(do.)283 212 y(Of)k(course,)g(y)n(ou)h(need)e(to)h(b)r(e)f(a)n(w)n(are)h (of)g(ho)n(w)g(m)n(uc)n(h)g Fu(sp)m(ac)m(e)28 b FB(these)21 b(partitions)f(will)k(require.)36 b(The)22 b(size)f(of)200 288 y(y)n(our)16 b(Lin)n(ux)h(\014lesystems)c(\(con)n(taining)i(the)g(soft)n (w)n(are)g(itself)t(\))h(dep)r(ends)e(greatly)h(on)h(ho)n(w)g(m)n(uc)n(h)f (soft)n(w)n(are)g(y)n(ou're)200 364 y(installing)21 b(and)g(what)g (distribution)f(of)h(Lin)n(ux)h(y)n(ou)g(are)e(using.)34 b(Hop)r(efully)-5 b(,)22 b(the)e(do)r(cumen)n(tation)e(that)i(came)200 439 y(with)j(y)n(our)g (distribution)e(will)k(giv)n(e)e(y)n(ou)g(an)g(appro)n(ximation)e(of)i(the)f (space)f(requiremen)n(ts.)37 b(A)22 b(small)h(Lin)n(ux)200 515 y(system)16 b(can)h(use)g(20)h(megab)n(ytes)d(or)j(less;)g(a)g(larger)e (system)g(an)n(ywhere)h(from)g(80)g(to)g(100)g(megab)n(ytes,)f(or)i(more.)200 591 y(Keep)d(in)h(mind)e(that)h(in)h(addition)e(to)h(the)g(space)f(required)g (b)n(y)j(the)d(soft)n(w)n(are)h(itself,)h(y)n(ou)g(need)f(to)g(allo)r(cate)e (extra)200 666 y(space)k(for)h(user)f(directories,)f(ro)r(om)h(for)g(future)g (expansion,)g(and)h(so)g(forth.)283 771 y(The)d(size)h(of)f(y)n(our)h(sw)n (ap)f(partition)g(\(should)f(y)n(ou)i(elect)f(to)g(use)g(one\))g(dep)r(ends)e (on)j(ho)n(w)f(m)n(uc)n(h)g(virtual)h(RAM)200 846 y(y)n(ou)f(require.)23 b(A)14 b(rule)h(of)f(th)n(um)n(b)g(is)h(to)g(use)f(a)h(sw)n(ap)f(partition)g (that)f(is)i(t)n(wice)g(the)f(space)f(of)i(y)n(our)g(ph)n(ysical)g(RAM;)200 922 y(for)g(example,)g(if)h(y)n(ou)g(ha)n(v)n(e)g(4)g(megab)n(ytes)d(of)j(ph) n(ysical)g(RAM,)f(an)g(8-megab)n(yte)f(sw)n(ap)i(partition)e(should)h (su\016ce.)200 998 y(Of)k(course,)g(this)g(is)g(mere)f(sp)r(eculation|the)e (actual)i(amoun)n(t)f(of)j(sw)n(ap)f(space)f(that)g(y)n(ou)h(require)g(dep)r (ends)e(on)200 1074 y(the)23 b(soft)n(w)n(are)f(whic)n(h)i(y)n(ou)g(will)h(b) r(e)d(running.)40 b(If)23 b(y)n(ou)h(ha)n(v)n(e)g(a)g(great)e(deal)h(of)g(ph) n(ysical)h(RAM)f(\(sa)n(y)-5 b(,)25 b(sixteen)200 1149 y(megab)n(ytes)16 b(or)i(more\),)e(y)n(ou)j(ma)n(y)f(not)f(wish)h(to)g(use)g(sw)n(ap)g(space)f (at)g(all.)283 1254 y Fx(Imp)r(ortan)n(t)g(note:)23 b FB(Because)14 b(of)h(BIOS)g(limitations,)g(it)g(is)h(usually)f(not)f(p)r(ossible)g(to)h(b)r (o)r(ot)e(from)h(partitions)200 1329 y(using)21 b(cylinders)f(n)n(um)n(b)r (ered)f(o)n(v)n(er)i(1023.)32 b(Therefore,)20 b(when)g(setting)g(aside)g (space)g(for)g(Lin)n(ux,)j(k)n(eep)e(in)g(mind)200 1405 y(that)14 b(y)n(ou)i(ma)n(y)f(not)f(w)n(an)n(t)h(to)g(use)g(a)g(partition)f(in)h(the)g Fw(>)p FB(1023-cylinder)f(range)g(for)g(y)n(our)i(Lin)n(ux)f(ro)r(ot)f (\014lesystem.)200 1481 y(Lin)n(ux)19 b(can)f(still)i Fu(use)j FB(partitions)17 b(with)h(cylinders)h(n)n(um)n(b)r(ered)d(o)n(v)n(er)j(1023,) f(ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)i(y)n(ou)f(ma)n(y)g(not)e(b)r(e)h(able)h(to)200 1556 y Fu(b)m(o)m(ot)29 b FB(Lin)n(ux)22 b(from)f(suc)n(h)g(a)h(partition.)34 b(This)22 b(advice)g(ma)n(y)f(seem)f(premature,)g(but)h(it)h(is)g(imp)r (ortan)n(t)e(to)h(kno)n(w)200 1632 y(while)e(planning)e(y)n(our)h(driv)n(e)h (la)n(y)n(out.)283 1737 y(If)j(y)n(ou)g(absolutely)f(m)n(ust)f(use)h(a)h (partition)e(with)i(cylinders)f(n)n(um)n(b)r(ered)e(o)n(v)n(er)j(1023)f(for)g (y)n(our)h(Lin)n(ux)g(ro)r(ot)200 1812 y(\014lesystem,)16 b(y)n(ou)h(can)f (alw)n(a)n(ys)i(b)r(o)r(ot)d(Lin)n(ux)j(from)e(\015opp)n(y)-5 b(.)24 b(This)17 b(is)h(not)e(so)h(bad,)g(actually|it)g(only)g(tak)n(es)g(a)g (few)200 1888 y(seconds)f(longer)i(to)f(b)r(o)r(ot)f(than)i(from)e(the)i (hard)f(driv)n(e.)25 b(A)n(t)18 b(an)n(y)h(rate,)e(it's)h(alw)n(a)n(ys)i(an)d (option.)200 2082 y Fh(2.2.4)75 b(Repartitioning)27 b(y)n(our)d(driv)n(es)200 2222 y FB(In)13 b(this)g(section,)h(w)n(e'll)g(describ)r(e)e(ho)n(w)h(to)g (resize)f(y)n(our)h(curren)n(t)f(partitions)g(\(if)h(an)n(y\))g(to)g(mak)n(e) g(space)f(for)h(Lin)n(ux.)23 b(If)200 2298 y(y)n(ou)15 b(are)e(installing)h (Lin)n(ux)h(on)e(a)h(\\clean")f(hard)h(driv)n(e,)h(y)n(ou)g(can)e(skip)i (this)f(section)e(and)i(pro)r(ceed)e(to)h(Section)g(2.3,)200 2374 y(b)r(elo)n(w.)283 2478 y(The)20 b(usual)h(w)n(a)n(y)g(to)g(resize)e(an) i(existing)f(partition)f(is)i(to)g(delete)e(it)i(\(th)n(us)f(destro)n(ying)f (all)j(of)e(the)g(data)g(on)200 2554 y(that)14 b(partition\))g(and)i (recreate)d(it.)24 b(Before)14 b(repartitioning)g(y)n(our)h(driv)n(es,)i Fu(b)m(ackup)j(your)d(system)p FB(.)25 b(After)14 b(resizing)200 2630 y(the)j(partitions,)g(y)n(ou)i(can)e(reinstall)h(y)n(our)g(original)g (soft)n(w)n(are)g(from)e(the)i(bac)n(kup.)24 b(Ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)19 b(there)d(are)i(sev)n(eral)200 2705 y(programs)g(a)n(v)m(ailable)j(for)e (MS-DOS)i(whic)n(h)g(are)e(able)i(to)e(resize)h(partitions)f(nondestructiv)n (ely)-5 b(.)29 b(One)20 b(of)h(these)200 2781 y(is)e(kno)n(wn)f(as)g(\\)p Fv(FIPS)p FB(",)g(and)g(can)f(b)r(e)h(found)f(on)h(man)n(y)g(Lin)n(ux)g(FTP)g (sites.)283 2885 y(Also,)i(k)n(eep)g(in)g(mind)f(that)g(b)r(ecause)e(y)n (ou'll)22 b(b)r(e)d(shrinking)g(y)n(our)h(original)g(partitions,)f(y)n(ou)h (ma)n(y)g(not)f(ha)n(v)n(e)200 2961 y(space)h(to)h(reinstall)g(ev)n (erything.)34 b(In)21 b(this)g(case,)h(y)n(ou)g(need)e(to)h(delete)f(enough)g (un)n(w)n(an)n(ted)h(soft)n(w)n(are)g(to)f(allo)n(w)200 3037 y(the)d(rest)g(to)h(\014t)g(on)g(the)f(smaller)g(partitions.)283 3141 y(The)k(program)f(used)h(to)g(repartition)f(is)i(kno)n(wn)g(as)f Fv(fdisk)p FB(.)37 b(Eac)n(h)21 b(op)r(erating)e(system)h(has)i(its)g(o)n(wn) f(ana-)200 3217 y(logue)g(of)g(this)g(program;)g(for)g(example,)g(under)f (MS-DOS,)i(it)g(is)g(in)n(v)n(ok)n(ed)h(with)e(the)f Fv(FDISK)i FB(command.)32 b(Y)-5 b(ou)200 3292 y(should)22 b(consult)f(y)n(our)h(do)r (cumen)n(tation)c(for)k(whatev)n(er)f(op)r(erating)e(systems)i(y)n(ou)h(are)g (curren)n(tly)f(running)g(for)200 3368 y(information)14 b(on)j (repartitioning.)k(Here,)16 b(w)n(e'll)i(discuss)e(ho)n(w)h(to)f(resize)f (partitions)g(for)h(MS-DOS)h(using)f Fv(FDISK)p FB(,)p eop %%Page: 48 63 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(2.2.)49 b(Preparing)21 b(to)g(Install)g(Lin)n(ux)1466 b FB(48)200 108 y(but)17 b(this)h(information) e(should)i(b)r(e)f(easily)i(extrap)r(olated)c(to)i(other)g(op)r(erating)f (systems.)283 212 y Fu(Ple)m(ase)23 b FB(consult)17 b(the)g(do)r(cumen)n (tation)d(for)k(y)n(our)g(curren)n(t)e(op)r(erating)f(systems)i(b)r(efore)f (repartitioning)f(y)n(our)200 288 y(driv)n(e.)25 b(This)18 b(section)f(is)i(mean)n(t)d(to)i(b)r(e)f(a)h(general)f(o)n(v)n(erview)h(of)g (the)f(pro)r(cess;)g(there)f(are)h(man)n(y)h(subtleties)f(that)200 364 y(w)n(e)i(do)f(not)g(co)n(v)n(er)h(here.)25 b(Y)-5 b(ou)19 b(can)f(lose)g(all)h(of)g(the)f(soft)n(w)n(are)g(on)g(y)n(our)h(system)e(if)i (y)n(ou)g(do)g(not)f(repartition)e(the)200 439 y(driv)n(e)j(correctly)-5 b(.)283 544 y(A)15 b(w)n(arning:)23 b(Do)15 b(not)g(mo)r(dify)f(or)g(create)f (partitions)h(for)h(an)n(y)g(other)f(op)r(erating)f(systems)g(\(including)h (Lin)n(ux\))200 619 y(using)21 b Fv(FDISK)g FB(under)f(MS-DOS.)h(Y)-5 b(ou)21 b(should)f(only)i(mo)r(dify)d(partitions)h(for)g(a)h(particular)e(op) r(erating)g(system)200 695 y(with)g(the)g(v)n(ersion)h(of)f Fv(fdisk)h FB(included)f(with)g(that)g(op)r(erating)e(system;)i(for)g (example,)g(y)n(ou)g(will)i(create)d(Lin)n(ux)200 771 y(partitions)j(using)i (a)f(v)n(ersion)h(of)g Fv(fdisk)g FB(for)f(Lin)n(ux.)39 b(Later,)23 b(in)g(Section)e(2.3.3,)j(w)n(e)f(describ)r(e)e(ho)n(w)i(to)f(create)200 846 y(Lin)n(ux)d(partitions,)e(but)g(for)h(no)n(w)g(w)n(e)h(are)e(concerned)e (with)j(resizing)g(y)n(our)g(curren)n(t)f(ones.)283 951 y(Let's)k(sa)n(y)g 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1722 y FB(Cop)n(y)c(on)n(to)g(this)g(\015opp)n(y)g(all)g(of)g(the)g (necessary)e(MS-DOS)i(utilities)g(\(usually)g(most)e(of)i(the)g(soft)n(w)n (are)f(in)h(the)200 1798 y(directory)14 b Fv(\\DOS)j FB(on)e(y)n(our)h(driv)n (e\),)h(as)e(w)n(ell)i(as)f(the)f(programs)e Fv(FORMAT.COM)k FB(and)e Fv(FDISK.EXE)p FB(.)i(Y)-5 b(ou)16 b(should)f(no)n(w)200 1873 y(b)r(e)i(able)h(to)g(b)r(o)r(ot)e(this)i(\015opp)n(y)-5 b(,)19 b(and)e(run)h(the)f(command)338 2018 y Fr(FDISK)27 b(C:)200 2162 y FB(to)18 b(start)e(up)i Fv(FDISK)p FB(.)283 2266 y(Use)23 b(of)g Fv(FDISK)h FB(should)e(b)r(e)h(self-explanatory)-5 b(,)24 b(but)e(consult)g(the)h(MS-DOS)g(do)r(cumen)n(tation)d(for)i(details.)200 2342 y(When)i(y)n(ou)h(start)e Fv(FDISK)p FB(,)i(use)f(the)g(men)n(u)f (option)h(to)g(displa)n(y)h(the)e(partition)h(table,)h(and)f Fu(write)j(down)i FB(the)200 2418 y(information)14 b(displa)n(y)n(ed)j (there.)22 b(It)16 b(is)h(imp)r(ortan)n(t)d(to)h(k)n(eep)h(a)h(record)d(of)i (y)n(our)h(original)f(setup)f(in)h(case)g(y)n(ou)g(w)n(an)n(t)200 2493 y(to)i(bac)n(k)g(out)f(of)h(the)g(Lin)n(ux)g(installation.)283 2598 y(T)-5 b(o)19 b(delete)f(an)h(existing)f(partition,)h(c)n(ho)r(ose)e (the)h Fv(FDISK)i FB(men)n(u)e(option)g(\\)p Fv(Delete)29 b(an)g(MS-DOS)g (Partition)200 2673 y(or)g(Logical)h(DOS)f(Drive)p FB(".)c(Sp)r(ecify)16 b(the)h(t)n(yp)r(e)f(of)i(partition)e(that)g(y)n(ou)i(wish)f(to)g(delete)f (\(primary)-5 b(,)17 b(extended,)200 2749 y(or)h(logical\))g(and)f(the)g(n)n (um)n(b)r(er)g(of)h(the)f(partition.)24 b(V)-5 b(erify)18 b(all)h(of)f(the)f (w)n(arnings.)24 b(P)n(o)r(of)t(!)283 2853 y(T)-5 b(o)27 b(create)d(a)j(new)f (\(smaller\))e(partition)h(for)h(MS-DOS,)h(just)f(c)n(ho)r(ose)f(the)g Fv(FDISK)i FB(option)f(\\)p Fv(Create)j(an)200 2929 y(MS-DOS)g(Partition)h (or)f(Logical)h(DOS)f(Drive)p FB(".)e(Sp)r(ecify)18 b(the)g(t)n(yp)r(e)g(of)h (partition)f(\(primary)-5 b(,)18 b(extended,)g(or)200 3005 y(logical\),)k(and)g(the)e(size)i(of)f(the)g(partition)f(to)i(create)d(\(sp)r (eci\014ed)h(in)i(megab)n(ytes\).)32 b Fv(FDISK)22 b FB(should)f(create)f (the)200 3081 y(partition)d(and)g(y)n(ou're)i(ready)e(to)h(roll.)283 3185 y(After)i(y)n(ou're)h(done)f(using)h Fv(FDISK)p FB(,)h(y)n(ou)g(should)e (exit)h(the)g(program)d(and)j(reformat)d(an)n(y)k(new)e(partitions.)200 3261 y(F)-5 b(or)17 b(example,)g(if)h(y)n(ou)f(resized)f(the)h(\014rst)f(DOS) i(partition)d(on)i(y)n(our)h(driv)n(e)f(\()p Fv(C:)p FB(\))g(y)n(ou)h(should) e(run)h(the)f(command)338 3405 y Fr(FORMAT)27 b(/s)g(C:)p eop %%Page: 49 64 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(2.3.)49 b(Installing)20 b(the)i(Lin)n(ux)f(soft)n(w)n(are)1396 b FB(49)200 108 y(Y)-5 b(ou)18 b(ma)n(y)g(no)n(w)g(reinstall)g(y)n(our)g(original)g(soft)n(w)n(are)f (from)g(bac)n(kup.)200 333 y Ft(2.3)92 b(Installing)27 b(the)k(Lin)m(ux)f (soft)m(w)m(are)200 492 y FB(After)15 b(y)n(ou)j(ha)n(v)n(e)f(resized)f(y)n 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b(y)n(ou)h(will)h(b)r(e)e(presen)n(ted)e(with)j(a)f (login)h(prompt)d(when)i(b)r(o)r(oting)e(this)j(\015opp)n(y)-5 b(.)24 b(Here,)15 b(y)n(ou)h(usually)200 2210 y(login)i(as)g Fv(root)h FB(or)f Fv(install)h FB(to)e(b)r(egin)g(the)h(installation)f(pro)r (cess.)283 2314 y(The)h(do)r(cumen)n(tation)c(whic)n(h)k(came)e(with)i(y)n (our)g(particular)e(distribution)h(will)j(explain)e(what)f(is)h(necessary)200 2390 y(to)g(b)r(o)r(ot)e(Lin)n(ux)i(from)f(the)h(installation)f(media.)283 2494 y(If)i(y)n(ou)g(are)e(installing)i(the)f(Slac)n(kw)n(are)g(distribution) f(of)i(Lin)n(ux,)g(all)g(that)f(is)h(required)e(is)i(to)f(b)r(o)r(ot)f(the)g (b)r(o)r(ot)200 2570 y(\015opp)n(y)h(whic)n(h)g(y)n(ou)h(created)d(in)i(the)g (previous)f(section.)283 2674 y(Most)c(distributions)g(of)h(Lin)n(ux)h(use)e (a)h(b)r(o)r(ot)f(\015opp)n(y)h(whic)n(h)g(allo)n(ws)h(y)n(ou)g(to)e(en)n (ter)g(hardw)n(are)g(parameters)e(at)i(a)200 2750 y(b)r(o)r(ot)i(prompt,)g (to)h(force)f(hardw)n(are)g(detection)g(of)h(v)m(arious)g(devices.)24 b(F)-5 b(or)16 b(example,)g(if)h(y)n(our)g(SCSI)f(con)n(troller)g(is)200 2826 y(not)g(detected)f(when)h(b)r(o)r(oting)f(the)h(\015opp)n(y)-5 b(,)18 b(y)n(ou)f(will)i(need)d(to)g(reb)r(o)r(ot)e(and)j(sp)r(ecify)f(the)g (hardw)n(are)g(parameters)200 2901 y(\(suc)n(h)h(as)h(I/O)g(address)f(and)h (IR)n(Q\))g(at)g(the)f(b)r(o)r(ot)f(prompt.)283 3006 y(Lik)n(ewise,)24 b(IBM)e(PS/1,)h(ThinkP)n(ad,)h(and)d(V)-5 b(alueP)n(oin)n(t)22 b(mac)n(hines)f(do)h(not)f(store)g(driv)n(e)i(geometry)c(in)k(the)200 3081 y(CMOS,)18 b(and)g(y)n(ou)g(m)n(ust)g(sp)r(ecify)f(it)h(at)g(b)r(o)r(ot) e(time.)283 3186 y(The)f(b)r(o)r(ot)e(prompt)g(is)j(often)e(displa)n(y)n(ed)i (automatically)e(when)g(b)r(o)r(oting)f(the)i(b)r(o)r(ot)e(\015opp)n(y)-5 b(.)24 b(This)16 b(is)g(the)e(case)200 3261 y(for)j(the)f(Slac)n(kw)n(are)h (distribution.)23 b(Other)16 b(distributions)g(require)g(y)n(ou)i(to)e(hold)h (do)n(wn)p 2062 3214 169 3 v 2062 3278 3 64 v 36 w Fr(shift)p 2228 3278 V 2062 3280 169 3 v 37 w FB(or)p 2314 3214 143 3 v 2314 3278 3 64 v 36 w Fr(ctrl)p 2454 3278 V 2314 3280 143 3 v 37 w FB(while)200 3337 y(b)r(o)r(oting)f(the)h(\015opp)n(y)-5 b(.)25 b(If)19 b(successful,)d(y)n(ou)j(should)f(see)f(the)g(prompt)p eop %%Page: 50 65 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(2.3.)49 b(Installing)20 b(the)i(Lin)n(ux)f(soft)n(w)n(are)1396 b FB(50)338 108 y Fr(boot:)200 256 y FB(and)18 b(p)r(ossibly)f(other)g(messages.)283 361 y(T)-5 b(o)19 b(try)e(b)r(o)r(oting)f(without)h(an)n(y)i(sp)r(ecial)e(parameters,)e (just)i(press)h Fv(enter)g FB(at)g(the)f(b)r(o)r(ot)f(prompt.)283 465 y(W)-5 b(atc)n(h)17 b(the)g(messages)e(as)j(the)f(system)f(b)r(o)r(ots.) 23 b(If)17 b(y)n(ou)i(ha)n(v)n(e)f(a)g(SCSI)f(con)n(troller,)g(y)n(ou)h (should)f(see)g(a)h(listing)200 541 y(of)g(the)f(SCSI)h(hosts)f(detected.)22 b(If)d(y)n(ou)f(see)g(the)f(message)338 689 y Fr(SCSI:)27 b(0)g(hosts)200 838 y FB(then)17 b(y)n(our)h(SCSI)g(con)n(troller)f(w)n(as)h(not)g(detected,) e(and)h(y)n(ou)i(will)g(ha)n(v)n(e)g(to)f(use)f(the)h(follo)n(wing)g(pro)r (cedure.)283 942 y(Also,)g(the)f(system)g(will)i(displa)n(y)g(information)d (on)h(the)g(driv)n(e)i(partitions)d(and)i(devices)f(detected.)22 b(If)c(an)n(y)g(of)200 1018 y(this)g(information)e(is)j(incorrect)c(or)j (missing,)g(y)n(ou)h(will)g(ha)n(v)n(e)g(to)e(force)g(hardw)n(are)g (detection.)283 1122 y(On)i(the)f(other)f(hand,)i(if)g(all)h(go)r(es)d(w)n (ell)j(and)e(y)n(ou)h(hardw)n(are)f(seems)f(to)h(b)r(e)g(detected,)e(y)n(ou)k (can)e(skip)h(to)f(the)200 1198 y(follo)n(wing)h(section,)e(Section)g(2.3.2.) 283 1302 y(T)-5 b(o)23 b(force)e(hardw)n(are)g(detection,)g(y)n(ou)i(m)n(ust) f(en)n(ter)f(the)h(appropriate)d(parameters)g(at)j(the)g(b)r(o)r(ot)e (prompt,)200 1378 y(using)e(the)f(follo)n(wing)i(syn)n(tax:)338 1527 y Fr(ramdisk)28 b Fg(h)p Ff(parameters)p Fe(:)7 b(:)i(:)g Fg(i)283 1675 y FB(There)17 b(are)g(a)i(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)d(of)i(suc)n(h)g 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(to)g(reb)r(o)r(ot)c(the)j(system)f(after)h(running)f Fv(fdisk)p FB(.)25 b(This)17 b(is)g(to)f(allo)n(w)200 2912 y(the)21 b(c)n(hanges)g(to)h (the)g(partition)e(table)i(to)g(tak)n(e)g(e\013ect)f(b)r(efore)f(installing)i (the)g(soft)n(w)n(are.)36 b(New)n(er)21 b(v)n(ersions)h(of)200 2987 y Fv(fdisk)16 b FB(automatically)e(up)r(date)g(the)h(partition)f (information)g(in)i(the)f(k)n(ernel,)h(so)g(reb)r(o)r(oting)d(isn't)j (necessary)-5 b(.)22 b(T)-5 b(o)200 3063 y(b)r(e)17 b(on)h(the)g(safe)f (side,)h(after)f(running)g Fv(fdisk)i FB(y)n(ou)g(should)e(reb)r(o)r(ot)f (the)h(installation)g(media,)h(as)g(b)r(efore,)e(b)r(efore)200 3139 y(pro)r(ceeding.)p eop %%Page: 56 71 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(2.3.)49 b(Installing)20 b(the)i(Lin)n(ux)f(soft)n(w)n(are)1396 b FB(56)200 108 y Fh(2.3.4)75 b(Creating)26 b(the)e(sw)n(ap)h(space)200 248 y FB(If)18 b(y)n(ou)g(are)f (planning)g(to)g(use)h(a)f(sw)n(ap)h(partition)e(for)i(virtual)f(RAM,)h(y)n 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FB(to)g(c)n(hec)n(k)g (for)g(bad)g(blo)r(c)n(ks)f(on)h(the)g(partition)e(when)i(creating)e(the)i (sw)n(ap)g(space.)283 1824 y(If)27 b(y)n(ou)h(are)e(using)g(m)n(ultiple)h(sw) n(ap)g(partitions,)h(y)n(ou)f(will)i(need)d(to)g(execute)f(the)h(appropriate) f Fv(mkswap)200 1900 y FB(command)15 b(for)j(eac)n(h)f(partition.)283 2004 y(After)c(formatting)f(the)i(sw)n(ap)g(space,)h(y)n(ou)g(need)e(to)h (enable)g(it)h(for)f(use)g(b)n(y)h(the)f(system.)22 b(Usually)-5 b(,)16 b(the)e(system)200 2080 y(automatically)20 b(enables)h(sw)n(ap)h (space)f(at)g(b)r(o)r(ot)f(time.)35 b(Ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)24 b(b)r(ecause)19 b(y)n(ou)k(ha)n(v)n(e)f(not)f(y)n(et)i(installed)e(the)200 2156 y(Lin)n(ux)e(soft)n(w)n(are,)e(y)n(ou)i(need)e(to)h(enable)f(it)h(b)n(y) h(hand.)283 2260 y(The)f(command)d(to)j(enable)f(sw)n(ap)h(space)f(is)h Fv(swapon)p FB(,)i(and)d(it)i(tak)n(es)e(the)h(form)338 2398 y Fr(swapon)27 b Fg(h)p Ff(partition)p Fg(i)200 2536 y FB(In)18 b(the)g(example)e(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e,)i(to)g(enable)f(the)h(sw)n(ap)g(space)f(on) h Fv(/dev/hda3)p FB(,)h(w)n(e)f(use)g(the)f(command)338 2675 y Fr(#)27 b Fo(swap)m(on)18 b(/dev/hda3)200 2901 y Fh(2.3.5)75 b(Creating)26 b(the)e(\014lesystems)200 3041 y FB(Before)h(y)n(ou)i(can)e (use)h(y)n(our)g(Lin)n(ux)h(partitions)d(to)i(store)f(\014les,)j(y)n(ou)f(m)n (ust)e(create)f Fx(\014lesystems)i FB(on)g(them.)200 3117 y(Creating)f(a)h (\014lesystem)f(is)i(analogous)e(to)h(formatting)d(a)k(partition)e(under)g (MS-DOS)i(or)f(other)f(op)r(erating)200 3192 y(systems.)e(W)-5 b(e)18 b(discussed)f(\014lesystems)f(brie\015y)i(in)h(Section)d(2.2.3.)p 200 3233 960 3 v 262 3269 a Fk(7)285 3285 y Fi(Again,)e(some)f(distributions) i(of)f(Lin)o(ux)g(will)g(prepare)h(the)f(sw)o(ap)f(space)h(automatically)f (for)h(y)o(ou,)g(or)g(via)g(an)f(installation)h(men)o(u)200 3345 y(option.)262 3389 y Fk(8)285 3405 y Fi(This)h(is)g(the)h(size)g(as)e (rep)q(orted)j(b)o(y)e Fj(fdisk)p Fi(,)f(using)h(the)h Fj(p)f Fi(men)o(u)h(option.)k(A)c(blo)q(c)o(k)f(under)i(Lin)o(ux)f(is)f(1024)f(b)o (ytes.)p eop %%Page: 57 72 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(2.3.)49 b(Installing)20 b(the)i(Lin)n(ux)f(soft)n(w)n(are)1396 b FB(57)283 108 y(There)24 b(are)h(sev)n(eral)g(t)n(yp)r(es)g(of)g(\014lesystems)f(a)n(v)m(ailable)h (for)g(Lin)n(ux.)47 b(Eac)n(h)25 b(\014lesystem)f(t)n(yp)r(e)h(has)g(its)g(o) n(wn)200 184 y(format)14 b(and)i(set)f(of)h(c)n(haracteristics)d(\(suc)n(h)j (as)g(\014lename)e(length,)i(maxim)n(um)e(\014le)i(size,)h(and)f(so)g(on\).) 23 b(Lin)n(ux)16 b(also)200 259 y(supp)r(orts)g(sev)n(eral)i(\\third-part)n (y")e(\014lesystem)h(t)n(yp)r(es)g(suc)n(h)h(as)g(the)f(MS-DOS)i (\014lesystem.)283 364 y(The)d(most)e(commonly)g(used)h(\014lesystem)f(t)n (yp)r(e)i(is)g(the)f Fx(Second)21 b(Extended)e(Filesystem)p FB(,)c(or)h Fu(ext2fs)p FB(.)25 b(The)200 439 y Fu(ext2fs)h FB(is)21 b(one)f(of)h(the)e(most)h(e\016cien)n(t)g(and)g(\015exible)g (\014lesystems;)h(it)f(allo)n(ws)i(\014lenames)c(up)j(to)f(256)g(c)n (haracters)200 515 y(and)h(\014lesystem)f(sizes)i(of)f(up)h(to)f(4)h(terab)n (ytes.)34 b(In)22 b(Chapter)e(4,)j(w)n(e'll)g(discuss)e(the)g(v)m(arious)g (\014lesystem)f(t)n(yp)r(es)200 591 y(a)n(v)m(ailable)f(for)e(Lin)n(ux.)25 b(Initially)-5 b(,)20 b(ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)f(w)n(e)f(suggest)f(that)g(y)n(ou)h (use)g(the)f Fu(ext2fs)24 b FB(\014lesystem.)283 695 y(If)18 b(y)n(ou)g(are)f(installing)h(the)f(Slac)n(kw)n(are)h(distribution,)f (\014lesystems)f(are)h(created)e(automatically)h(for)h(y)n(ou)i(b)n(y)200 771 y(the)h(installation)g(pro)r(cedure)e(describ)r(ed)g(in)j(the)f(next)h (section.)31 b(If)21 b(y)n(ou)g(wish)g(to)f(create)f(y)n(our)i(\014lesystems) e(b)n(y)200 846 y(hand,)f(ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)g(follo)n(w)h(the)f(pro)r(cedure) d(describ)r(ed)h(here.)283 951 y(T)-5 b(o)19 b(create)d(an)i Fu(ext2fs)23 b FB(\014lesystem,)17 b(use)g(the)h(command)338 1099 y Fr(mke2fs)27 b(-c)g Fg(h)p Ff(partition)p Fg(i)d(h)p Ff(size)p Fg(i)200 1248 y FB(where)18 b FA(h)p Fp(partition)p FA(i)g FB(is)i(the)e(name)g(of)i(the)e(partition,)h(and)g FA(h)p Fp(size)p FA(i)f FB(is)j(the)d(size)h(of)h(the)f(partition)f(in)i(blo)r(c)n (ks.)28 b(F)-5 b(or)200 1324 y(example,)17 b(to)h(create)e(a)i(82080-blo)r(c) n(k)f(\014lesystem)f(on)i Fv(/dev/hda2)p FB(,)h(use)f(the)f(command)338 1472 y Fr(#)27 b Fo(mke2fs)17 b({c)h(/dev/hda2)g(82080)283 1621 y FB(If)c(y)n(ou're)f(using)h(m)n(ultiple)f(\014lesystems)e(for)i(Lin)n (ux,)j(y)n(ou'll)f(need)d(to)h(use)g(the)g(appropriate)e Fv(mke2fs)j FB(command)200 1697 y(for)k(eac)n(h)f(\014lesystem.)283 1801 y(If)h(y)n(ou)h(ha)n(v)n(e)g(encoun)n(tered)c(an)n(y)j(problems)e(at)i(this)g (p)r(oin)n(t,)g(see)f(Section)g(2.5)h(at)g(the)f(end)h(of)g(this)g(c)n (hapter.)200 1995 y Fh(2.3.6)75 b(Installing)28 b(the)c(soft)n(w)n(are)200 2135 y FB(Finally)-5 b(,)27 b(y)n(ou)d(are)e(ready)h(to)g(install)g(the)g (soft)n(w)n(are)f(on)i(y)n(our)f(system.)39 b(Ev)n(ery)24 b(distribution)e (has)h(a)g(di\013eren)n(t)200 2211 y(mec)n(hanism)d(for)i(doing)g(this.)36 b(Man)n(y)23 b(distributions)e(ha)n(v)n(e)h(a)h(self-con)n(tained)e(program)e (whic)n(h)k(will)h(step)d(y)n(ou)200 2287 y(through)11 b(the)h(installation.) 23 b(On)13 b(other)e(distributions,)i(y)n(ou)h(will)g(ha)n(v)n(e)g(to)e Fx(moun)n(t)h FB(y)n(our)g(\014lesystems)e(in)j(a)f(certain)200 2362 y(sub)r(directory)18 b(\(suc)n(h)j(as)g Fv(/mnt)p FB(\))g(and)g(cop)n(y) g(the)f(soft)n(w)n(are)h(to)f(them)g(b)n(y)i(hand.)33 b(On)21 b(CD-R)n(OM)h(distributions,)200 2438 y(y)n(ou)17 b(ma)n(y)f(b)r(e)g(giv)n (en)g(the)g(option)f(to)h(install)h(a)f(p)r(ortion)f(of)h(the)g(soft)n(w)n (are)f(on)h(y)n(our)h(hard)f(driv)n(es,)h(and)f(lea)n(v)n(e)h(most)200 2514 y(of)h(the)f(soft)n(w)n(are)h(on)f(the)h(CD-R)n(OM.)283 2618 y(Some)k(distributions)g(o\013er)h(sev)n(eral)g(di\013eren)n(t)g(w)n(a)n (ys)h(to)f(install)h(the)f(soft)n(w)n(are.)39 b(F)-5 b(or)24 b(example,)g(y)n(ou)g(ma)n(y)200 2694 y(b)r(e)d(able)h(to)g(install)g(the)f (soft)n(w)n(are)h(directly)f(from)g(an)h(MS-DOS)g(partition)f(on)h(y)n(our)g (hard)g(driv)n(e,)h(instead)e(of)200 2770 y(from)f(\015oppies.)33 b(Or,)22 b(y)n(ou)g(ma)n(y)f(b)r(e)f(able)h(to)g(install)g(o)n(v)n(er)h(a)f (TCP/IP)g(net)n(w)n(ork)f(via)i(FTP)g(or)e(NFS.)i(See)e(y)n(our)200 2845 y(distribution's)d(do)r(cumen)n(tation)d(for)k(details.)283 2950 y(F)-5 b(or)21 b(example,)f(the)f(Slac)n(kw)n(are)i(distribution)e(only) i(requires)e(y)n(ou)i(to)f(create)f(partitions)g(with)h Fv(fdisk)p FB(,)i(op-)200 3025 y(tionally)d(create)d(sw)n(ap)j(space)e(with)h Fv(mkswap)h FB(and)f Fv(swapon)h FB(\(if)g(y)n(ou)g(ha)n(v)n(e)g(4)f(megs)f (or)h(less)g(of)h(RAM\),)e(and)h(then)200 3101 y(run)d(the)g Fv(setup)i FB(program.)k Fv(setup)c FB(leads)e(y)n(ou)h(through)e(a)i(v)n (ery)g(self-explanatory)f(men)n(u)f(system)h(to)g(install)h(the)200 3177 y(soft)n(w)n(are.)24 b(Use)17 b(of)h Fv(setup)h FB(is)g(describ)r(ed)c (in)k(detail)f(b)r(elo)n(w.)283 3281 y(The)d(exact)f(metho)r(d)f(used)h(to)h (install)g(the)g(Lin)n(ux)h(soft)n(w)n(are)e(di\013ers)h(greatly)f(with)h (eac)n(h)g(distribution.)22 b(W)-5 b(e're)200 3357 y(hoping)15 b(that)f(installing)i(the)e(Lin)n(ux)i(soft)n(w)n(are)f(should)g(b)r(e)g (self-explanatory)-5 b(,)15 b(as)g(it)h(is)g(with)f(most)f(distributions.)p eop %%Page: 58 73 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(2.3.)49 b(Installing)20 b(the)i(Lin)n(ux)f(soft)n(w)n(are)1396 b FB(58)200 108 y Fx(2.3.6.1)62 b(Installing)21 b(Slac)n(kw)n(are)h(with)f Fv(setup)200 248 y FB(If)15 b(y)n(ou)g(are)e(installing)i(Slac)n(kw)n(are,)g(after)f(creating) e(partitions)h(\(and)h(p)r(ossibly)g(sw)n(ap)h(space\),)f(use)g(the)f (command)338 387 y Fr(#)27 b Fo(setup)200 527 y FB(This)f(will)h(presen)n(t)d (y)n(ou)i(will)h(a)f(men)n(u-based)e(pro)r(cedure)e(to)k(w)n(alk)g(y)n(ou)g (through)e(the)h(remaining)f(steps)g(of)200 602 y(installation.)283 707 y(The)e(pro)r(cedure)d(describ)r(ed)h(here)h(corresp)r(onds)e(to)j(that)f (found)g(on)h(the)f Fv(color144)i FB(and)f Fv(colrlite)h FB(ro)r(ot)200 782 y(disks;)c(the)e(other)g(ro)r(ot)f(disks)j(ma)n(y)f(ha)n(v)n(e)g(sligh)n (tly)h(di\013eren)n(t)f(pro)r(cedures.)283 887 y(The)e Fv(setup)h FB(men)n(u)e(consists)g(of)h(the)f(follo)n(wing)i(items.)23 b(Use)15 b(the)h(arro)n(w)f(k)n(eys)i(to)f(mo)n(v)n(e)g(o)n(v)n(er)h(the)e (items,)h(and)200 962 y(press)p 339 918 169 3 v 339 979 3 61 v 36 w Fr(enter)p 505 979 V 339 981 169 3 v 38 w FB(or)p 594 915 247 3 v 594 990 3 75 v 37 w Fr(spacebar)p 838 990 V 594 992 247 3 v 38 w FB(to)i(select)f(an)h(item.)200 1103 y Fv(Help)284 b FB(View)18 b(the)f Fv(setup)i FB(help)f(\014le.)200 1226 y Fv(Keymap)226 b FB(This)19 b(option)f(allo)n(ws)i(y)n(ou)f(to)f(sp)r(ecify) g(the)g(k)n(eyb)r(oard)g(mapping)f(for)i(y)n(our)g(system)e(if)i(y)n(ou)h(do) 600 1302 y(not)15 b(ha)n(v)n(e)g(a)h(US)f(k)n(eyb)r(oard.)22 b(A)16 b(list)f(of)h(k)n(eymaps)e(will)j(b)r(e)e(presen)n(ted;)f(select)g (the)h(appropriate)600 1377 y(item)i(from)g(the)g(list.)200 1501 y Fv(Quick)255 b FB(This)18 b(allo)n(ws)h(y)n(ou)f(to)f(select)g(b)r(et) n(w)n(een)g(\\quic)n(k")h(and)f(\\v)n(erb)r(ose")f(installation)h(mo)r(des.) 23 b(\\V)-5 b(er-)600 1576 y(b)r(ose")19 b(is)i(the)e(default,)i(and)e(is)i (recommended)16 b(for)k(most)f(installations)h(\(unless)f(y)n(ou'v)n(e)i(in-) 600 1652 y(stalled)d(Slac)n(kw)n(are)f(a)i(dozen)d(times,)i(in)g(whic)n(h)h (case)e(y)n(ou)h(already)g(kno)n(w)g(this\).)200 1776 y Fv(Make)29 b(tags)139 b FB(This)17 b(allo)n(ws)h(Slac)n(kw)n(are)f(installation)f(exp)r (erts)f(to)i(create)e(customized)f(\\tag)i(\014les")g(for)h(pres-)600 1851 y(electing)e(pac)n(k)m(ages.)23 b(This)17 b(is)g(only)g(necessary)e(for) h(customizing)f(the)h(installation)f(pro)r(cedure)600 1927 y(in)k(some)d(w)n(a)n(y;)k(y)n(ou)e(shouldn't)g(ha)n(v)n(e)g(to)g(concern)e (y)n(ourself)i(with)g(this.)200 2050 y Fv(Addswap)197 b FB(This)18 b(will)i(b)r(e)d(the)g(\014rst)g(item)g(that)g(most)g(users)g(will)i(select)e (to)g(install)i(Slac)n(kw)n(are.)24 b(A)18 b(list)g(of)600 2126 y(a)n(v)m(ailable)d(sw)n(ap)f(partitions)f(will)j(b)r(e)e(displa)n(y)n (ed)h(\(those)e(partitions)g(with)h(t)n(yp)r(e)g(\\Lin)n(ux)h(sw)n(ap")600 2202 y(as)20 b(set)g(in)h Fv(fdisk)p FB(\).)32 b(Y)-5 b(ou)20 b(will)h(b)r(e)f(able)g(to)g(sp)r(ecify)g(whic)n(h)g(partitions)f(y)n(ou)i (wish)g(to)f(use)g(for)600 2277 y(sw)n(ap)e(space.)24 b(Y)-5 b(ou)17 b(will)j(then)d(b)r(e)g(ask)n(ed)h(if)h(y)n(ou)g(wish)f(to)g(run)f Fv(mkswap)i FB(on)f(these)f(partitions.)600 2377 y(If)h(y)n(ou)f(ha)n(v)n(e)h (already)f(executed)e Fv(mkswap)j FB(and)f Fv(swapon)h FB(\(as)f(describ)r (ed)e(in)j(Section)e(2.3.4\))h(on)600 2453 y(y)n(our)h(sw)n(ap)g(partitions,) e(then)h(y)n(ou)h(should)f Fu(not)25 b FB(allo)n(w)18 b Fv(setup)h FB(to)e(execute)f Fv(mkswap)i FB(on)g(these)600 2528 y(partitions.)600 2628 y(Ev)n(en)k(if)g(y)n(ou)g(ha)n(v)n(e)g(already)e(executed)g Fv(mkswap)i FB(and)f Fv(swapon)p FB(,)j(it)d(is)h(necessary)e(to)h(use)g(the) 600 2704 y Fv(Addswap)f FB(men)n(u)d(item:)26 b(This)19 b(ensures)e(that)h(y) n(our)h(sw)n(ap)f(partitions)g(will)i(b)r(e)e(a)n(v)m(ailable)h(once)600 2779 y(y)n(ou)g(ha)n(v)n(e)f(the)f(system)g(installed.)600 2879 y(Be)g(w)n(arned!)24 b(Creating)16 b(sw)n(ap)h(space)f(on)h(a)g (partition)f(will)i(destro)n(y)e(data)g(on)h(that)f(partition.)-2525 b Fn(3)600 2955 y FB(Be)18 b(sure)g(that)e(y)n(ou're)j(not)e(wiping)h(out)g (data)f(that)g(y)n(ou)h(w)n(an)n(t)h(to)e(k)n(eep.)600 3054 y(If)24 b(y)n(ou)f(select)f(this)i(men)n(u)e(item,)i(y)n(ou)g(will)g(b)r(e)f (automatically)e(prompted)g(if)i(y)n(ou)h(wish)g(to)600 3130 y(pro)r(ceed)16 b(with)i(the)f(follo)n(wing)i(items.)k(In)18 b(general,)g(y)n(ou)g(should)g(do)f(this.)200 3253 y Fv(Target)226 b FB(This)14 b(item)f(allo)n(ws)i(y)n(ou)f(to)g(sp)r(ecify)f(the)g (partitions)f(up)r(on)h(whic)n(h)h(Lin)n(ux)h(is)f(to)f(b)r(e)h(installed.)22 b(A)600 3329 y(list)e(of)g(a)n(v)m(ailable)g(partitions)e(\(those)f(with)j(t) n(yp)r(e)f(\\Lin)n(ux)h(nativ)n(e",)g(as)f(sp)r(eci\014ed)f(b)n(y)i Fv(fdisk)p FB(\))600 3405 y(will)28 b(b)r(e)d(displa)n(y)n(ed,)k(and)d(y)n (ou)g(will)i(b)r(e)d(ask)n(ed)h(to)g(en)n(ter)f(the)g(name)g(of)h(y)n(our)g (Lin)n(ux)h(ro)r(ot)p eop %%Page: 59 74 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(2.3.)49 b(Installing)20 b(the)i(Lin)n(ux)f(soft)n(w)n(are)1396 b FB(59)600 108 y(partition,)16 b(suc)n(h)h(as)f Fv(/dev/hda2)p FB(.)25 b(Y)-5 b(ou)17 b(will)h(then)e(b)r(e) g(prompted)e(for)i(the)g(t)n(yp)r(e)g(of)h(\014lesystem)600 184 y(that)h(y)n(ou)j(wish)f(to)f(create;)g(w)n(e)h(suggest)d(using)j(the)f Fv(ext2fs)h FB(\014lesystem)e(t)n(yp)r(e)h(as)h(describ)r(ed)600 259 y(in)h(Section)f(2.3.5.)33 b(This)21 b(will)h(create)d(a)i(\014lesystem)e (on)h(the)g(named)f(partition|somewhat)600 335 y(analogous)e(to)g (\\formatting")e(the)i(partition)g(under)g(MS-DOS.)600 434 y(Y)-5 b(ou)19 b(will)i(also)e(b)r(e)f(prompted)f(for)i(an)n(y)h(other)d 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(and)h(creating)e(it)i(y)n(ourself,)g(con)n(tact)e(the)h(distributor)f(and)h (ask)h(for)f(a)h(new)f(b)r(o)r(ot)f(\015opp)n(y|)338 1209 y(but)i(only)g (after)f(v)n(erifying)i(that)e(this)h(is)g(indeed)g(the)f(problem.)283 1329 y FA(\017)27 b Fx(System)21 b(\\hangs")h(during)g(b)r(o)r(ot)f(or)g (after)h(b)r(o)r(oting.)338 1427 y FB(After)e(the)f(installation)h(media)g(b) r(o)r(ots,)f(y)n(ou)i(will)i(see)d(a)g(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)f(of)i(messages)d (from)h(the)h(k)n(ernel)h(itself,)338 1503 y(indicating)13 b(whic)n(h)g(devices)f(w)n(ere)h(detected)d(and)j(con\014gured.)20 b(After)12 b(this,)i(y)n(ou)f(will)i(usually)e(b)r(e)f(presen)n(ted)338 1578 y(with)i(a)g(login)g(prompt,)f(allo)n(wing)i(y)n(ou)g(to)e(pro)r(ceed)f (with)i(installation)f(\(some)f(distributions)g(instead)h(drop)338 1654 y(y)n(ou)i(righ)n(t)e(in)n(to)h(an)g(installation)f(program)e(of)j(some) e(kind\).)23 b(The)14 b(system)e(ma)n(y)i(app)r(ear)d(to)j(\\hang")e(during) 338 1730 y(sev)n(eral)22 b(of)g(these)e(steps.)35 b(During)22 b(all)g(of)g(these)f(steps,)h(b)r(e)f(patien)n(t;)i(loading)e(soft)n(w)n(are) g(from)g(\015opp)n(y)h(is)338 1805 y(v)n(ery)g(slo)n(w.)33 b(In)20 b(man)n(y)h(cases,)f(the)g(system)f(has)i(not)f(h)n(ung)g(at)g(all,)j (but)d(is)h(merely)f(taking)g(a)h(long)f(time.)338 1881 y(V)-5 b(erify)22 b(that)f(there)f(is)i(no)f(driv)n(e)h(or)g(system)e(activit)n(y)i (for)f(at)g(least)g(sev)n(eral)h(min)n(utes)e(b)r(efore)g(assuming)338 1957 y(that)d(the)h(system)e(is)j(h)n(ung.)389 2077 y(1.)28 b(After)15 b(b)r(o)r(oting)f(from)h(the)h Fv(LILO)h FB(prompt,)e(the)g (system)g(m)n(ust)g(load)i(the)e(k)n(ernel)h(image)g(from)f(\015opp)n(y)-5 b(.)460 2153 y(This)15 b(ma)n(y)g(tak)n(e)g(sev)n(eral)g(seconds;)g(y)n(ou)g (will)i(kno)n(w)e(that)f(things)g(are)g(going)h(w)n(ell)h(if)g(the)e(\015opp) n(y)h(driv)n(e)460 2228 y(ligh)n(t)k(is)f(still)h(on.)389 2326 y(2.)28 b(While)20 b(the)f(k)n(ernel)h(b)r(o)r(ots,)f(SCSI)g(devices)g(m)n (ust)g(b)r(e)g(prob)r(ed)f(for.)29 b(If)20 b(y)n(ou)g(do)g(not)f(ha)n(v)n(e)h (an)n(y)h(SCSI)460 2402 y(devices)26 b(installed,)i(the)d(system)g(will)j (\\hang")d(for)g(up)i(to)e(15)h(seconds)f(while)i(the)e(SCSI)h(prob)r(e)460 2478 y(con)n(tin)n(ues;)18 b(this)g(usually)g(o)r(ccurs)e(after)h(the)g(line) 564 2575 y Fr(lp)p 619 2575 16 3 v 19 w(init:)53 b(lp1)26 b(exists)h(\(0\),)g (using)g(polling)g(driver)460 2673 y FB(app)r(ears)16 b(on)i(y)n(our)g (screen.)389 2771 y(3.)28 b(After)19 b(the)g(k)n(ernel)h(is)h(\014nished)e(b) r(o)r(oting,)g(con)n(trol)g(is)i(transferred)c(to)j(the)f(system)g(b)r(o)r (otup)f(\014les)i(on)460 2847 y(the)i(\015opp)n(y)-5 b(.)39 b(Finally)-5 b(,)25 b(y)n(ou)e(will)i(b)r(e)c(presen)n(ted)g(with)i(a)f (login)h(prompt,)f(or)g(b)r(e)g(dropp)r(ed)f(in)n(to)i(an)460 2923 y(installation)17 b(program.)23 b(If)18 b(y)n(ou)h(are)e(presen)n(ted)f (with)i(a)g(login)g(prompt)e(suc)n(h)i(as)564 3020 y Fr(Linux)27 b(login:)460 3118 y FB(y)n(ou)21 b(should)e(then)g(login)i(\(usually)e(as)h Fv(root)h FB(or)f Fv(install)p FB(|this)g(v)m(aries)g(with)g(eac)n(h)g (distribution\).)460 3194 y(After)j(en)n(tering)g(the)g(username,)g(the)g (system)g(ma)n(y)h(pause)f(for)g(20)h(seconds)e(or)i(more)f(while)h(the)460 3270 y(installation)d(program)e(or)j(shell)g(is)g(b)r(eing)f(loaded)g(from)f (\015opp)n(y)-5 b(.)36 b(Again,)22 b(the)f(\015opp)n(y)h(driv)n(e)g(ligh)n(t) 460 3345 y(should)c(b)r(e)f(on.)24 b(Don't)18 b(assume)f(that)g(the)g(system) g(is)h(h)n(ung.)p eop %%Page: 64 79 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(2.5.)49 b(Running)21 b(In)n(to)h(T)-5 b(rouble)1587 b FB(64)338 108 y(An)n(y)21 b(of)f(the)f(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e)h (items)f(ma)n(y)h(b)r(e)f(the)h(source)e(of)i(y)n(our)h(problem.)29 b(Ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)21 b(it)f(is)h(p)r(ossible)e(that)g(the)338 184 y(system)g(actually)h(ma)n(y)h(\\hang")e(while)i(b)r(o)r(oting,)e(whic)n (h)i(can)f(b)r(e)g(due)f(to)i(sev)n(eral)f(causes.)30 b(First)21 b(of)f(all,)338 259 y(y)n(ou)i(ma)n(y)e(not)h(ha)n(v)n(e)g(enough)f(a)n(v)m (ailable)h(RAM)f(to)h(b)r(o)r(ot)e(the)h(installation)g(media.)32 b(\(See)20 b(the)g(follo)n(wing)338 335 y(item)d(for)h(information)e(on)i (disabling)g(the)f(ramdisk)g(to)h(free)f(up)h(memory)-5 b(.\))338 430 y(The)19 b(cause)f(of)i(man)n(y)f(system)e(hangs)i(is)h(hardw)n(are)d (incompatibilit)n(y)-5 b(.)28 b(Section)18 b(1.8)i(in)f(the)g(last)g(c)n (hapter)338 506 y(presen)n(ted)11 b(an)i(o)n(v)n(erview)h(of)f(supp)r(orted)d (hardw)n(are)h(under)h(Lin)n(ux.)24 b(Ev)n(en)13 b(if)g(y)n(our)h(hardw)n (are)d(is)j(supp)r(orted,)338 581 y(y)n(ou)20 b(ma)n(y)e(run)g(in)n(to)h (problems)e(with)i(incompatible)d(hardw)n(are)i(con\014gurations)d(whic)n(h)k (are)f(causing)g(the)338 657 y(system)f(to)h(hang.)23 b(See)18 b(Section)f(2.5.2,)h(b)r(elo)n(w,)g(for)g(a)g(discussion)f(of)h(hardw)n(are)f (incompatibilities.)283 771 y FA(\017)27 b Fx(System)j(rep)r(orts)i(out)f(of) g(memory)e(errors)i(while)g(attempting)f(to)g(b)r(o)r(ot)h(or)g(install)f (the)338 847 y(soft)n(w)n(are.)338 942 y FB(This)13 b(item)e(deals)h(with)g (the)f(amoun)n(t)g(of)h(RAM)g(that)f(y)n(ou)h(ha)n(v)n(e)h(a)n(v)m(ailable.) 23 b(On)13 b(systems)d(with)i(4)h(megab)n(ytes)338 1017 y(of)25 b(RAM)f(or)g(less,)i(y)n(ou)f(ma)n(y)f(run)g(in)n(to)h(trouble)e(b)r(o)r (oting)g(the)g(installation)h(media)f(or)i(installing)f(the)338 1093 y(soft)n(w)n(are)h(itself.)46 b(This)25 b(is)h(b)r(ecause)d(man)n(y)h (distributions)g(use)h(a)g(\\ramdisk",)h(whic)n(h)f(is)h(a)f(\014lesystem)338 1169 y(loaded)16 b(directly)g(in)n(to)h(RAM,)g(for)f(op)r(erations)e(while)j (using)f(the)g(installation)g(media.)23 b(The)17 b(en)n(tire)f(image)338 1244 y(of)i(the)e(installation)h(b)r(o)r(ot)e(\015opp)n(y)-5 b(,)19 b(for)e(example,)f(ma)n(y)h(b)r(e)g(loaded)f(in)n(to)i(a)f(ramdisk,)g (whic)n(h)h(ma)n(y)f(require)338 1320 y(more)g(than)g(a)h(megab)n(yte)e(of)i (RAM.)338 1415 y(The)k(solution)g(to)g(this)g(problem)e(is)j(to)f(disable)g (the)f(ramdisk)h(option)f(when)h(b)r(o)r(oting)e(the)h(install)i(me-)338 1491 y(dia.)37 b(Eac)n(h)22 b(release)f(has)h(a)g(di\013eren)n(t)g(pro)r (cedure)d(for)j(doing)g(this;)i(on)e(the)f(SLS)h(release,)g(for)g(example,) 338 1567 y(y)n(ou)h(t)n(yp)r(e)f(\\)p Fv(floppy)p FB(")h(at)f(the)g(LILO)g (prompt)f(when)h(b)r(o)r(oting)e(the)i Fv(a1)h FB(disk.)39 b(See)22 b(y)n(our)g(distribution's)338 1642 y(do)r(cumen)n(tation)15 b(for)i(details.)338 1737 y(Y)-5 b(ou)20 b(ma)n(y)f(not)g(see)g(an)h(\\out)f (of)g(memory")e(error)i(when)g(attempting)d(to)k(b)r(o)r(ot)e(or)h(install)h (the)f(soft)n(w)n(are;)338 1813 y(instead,)h(the)f(system)f(ma)n(y)i(unexp)r (ectedly)d(hang,)j(or)f(fail)i(to)e(b)r(o)r(ot.)28 b(If)20 b(y)n(our)g(system)e(hangs,)i(and)f(none)338 1889 y(of)f(the)g(explanations)e (in)j(the)e(previous)h(section)e(seem)h(to)h(b)r(e)f(the)g(cause,)h(try)f (disabling)h(the)g(ramdisk.)338 1983 y(Keep)24 b(in)i(mind)e(that)f(Lin)n(ux) j(itself)e(requires)g(at)g(least)h(2)f(megab)n(ytes)f(of)i(RAM)f(to)g(run)g (at)h(all;)k(some)338 2059 y(distributions)17 b(of)h(Lin)n(ux)h(require)e(4)h (megab)n(ytes)e(or)i(more.)283 2173 y FA(\017)27 b Fx(The)33 b(system)d(rep)r(orts)i(an)g(error)h(suc)n(h)g(as)e(\\)p Fv(permission)f (denied)p Fx(")j(or)e(\\)p Fv(file)f(not)f(found)p Fx(")338 2249 y(while)21 b(b)r(o)r(oting.)338 2344 y FB(This)g(is)f(an)g(indication)f (that)f(y)n(our)j(installation)e(b)r(o)r(otup)e(media)i(is)h(corrupt.)28 b(If)21 b(y)n(ou)f(attempt)d(to)i(b)r(o)r(ot)338 2420 y(from)12 b(the)g(installation)g(media)g(\(and)g(y)n(ou're)h(sure)f(that)g(y)n(ou're)h (doing)f(ev)n(erything)g(correctly\),)h(y)n(ou)g(should)338 2495 y(not)20 b(see)g(an)n(y)h(errors)e(suc)n(h)h(as)h(this.)31 b(Con)n(tact)20 b(the)f(distributor)g(of)i(y)n(our)f(Lin)n(ux)h(soft)n(w)n (are)f(and)g(\014nd)g(out)338 2571 y(ab)r(out)g(the)g(problem,)h(and)f(p)r (erhaps)f(obtain)i(another)e(cop)n(y)i(of)g(the)f(b)r(o)r(ot)g(media)g(if)h (necessary)-5 b(.)33 b(If)21 b(y)n(ou)338 2647 y(do)n(wnloaded)g(the)g(b)r(o) r(otup)f(disk)j(y)n(ourself,)g(try)f(re-creating)e(the)h(b)r(o)r(otup)f (disk,)j(and)f(see)f(if)i(this)f(solv)n(es)338 2722 y(y)n(our)d(problem.)283 2836 y FA(\017)27 b Fx(The)22 b(system)e(rep)r(orts)i(the)g(error)f(\\)p Fv(VFS:)30 b(Unable)f(to)h(mount)f(root)p Fx(")22 b(when)g(b)r(o)r(oting.)338 2931 y FB(This)c(error)e(message)e(means)i(that)g(the)g(ro)r(ot)g (\014lesystem)f(\(found)h(on)h(the)f(b)r(o)r(ot)f(media)h(itself)t(\),)h (could)g(not)338 3007 y(b)r(e)f(found.)24 b(This)16 b(means)f(that)h(either)f (y)n(our)i(b)r(o)r(ot)e(media)g(is)i(corrupt)e(in)i(some)e(w)n(a)n(y)-5 b(,)19 b(or)e(that)e(y)n(ou)i(are)f(not)338 3083 y(b)r(o)r(oting)g(the)i (system)e(correctly)-5 b(.)338 3178 y(F)g(or)22 b(example,)e(man)n(y)h(CD-R)n (OM)h(distributions)d(require)h(that)g(y)n(ou)i(ha)n(v)n(e)f(the)f(CD-R)n(OM) i(in)g(the)e(driv)n(e)338 3253 y(when)c(b)r(o)r(oting.)22 b(Also)15 b(b)r(e)g(sure)h(that)e(the)i(CD-R)n(OM)h(driv)n(e)f(is)h(on,)f(and)g(c)n (hec)n(k)g(for)f(an)n(y)i(activit)n(y)-5 b(.)24 b(It's)16 b(also)338 3329 y(p)r(ossible)k(that)f(the)h(system)f(is)i(not)f(lo)r(cating)f(y)n(our)i (CD-R)n(OM)g(driv)n(e)g(at)f(b)r(o)r(ot)f(time;)i(see)f(Section)f(2.5.2)338 3405 y(for)f(more)f(information.)p eop %%Page: 65 80 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(2.5.)49 b(Running)21 b(In)n(to)h(T)-5 b(rouble)1587 b FB(65)338 108 y(If)19 b(y)n(ou're)f(sure)f(that)g(y)n(ou)i (are)f(b)r(o)r(oting)e(the)h(system)g(correctly)-5 b(,)17 b(then)g(y)n(our)h (b)r(o)r(otup)e(media)h(ma)n(y)h(indeed)338 184 y(b)r(e)e(corrupt.)22 b(This)16 b(is)h(a)f(v)n(ery)h(uncommon)c(problem,)i(so)h(try)g(other)f (solutions)g(b)r(efore)f(attempting)f(to)j(use)338 259 y(another)g(b)r(o)r (ot)h(\015opp)n(y)h(or)f(tap)r(e.)200 509 y Fh(2.5.2)75 b(Hardw)n(are)25 b(problems)200 649 y FB(The)20 b(most)f(common)f(form)h(of)i(problem)d(when)i (attempting)e(to)i(install)h(or)f(use)g(Lin)n(ux)h(is)g(an)f(incompatibilit)n (y)200 725 y(with)d(hardw)n(are.)23 b(Ev)n(en)18 b(if)g(all)g(of)g(y)n(our)f (hardw)n(are)g(is)h(supp)r(orted)c(b)n(y)19 b(Lin)n(ux,)f(a)g (miscon\014guration)c(or)j(hardw)n(are)200 800 y(con\015ict)e(can)g (sometimes)e(cause)i(strange)f(results|y)n(our)h(devices)g(ma)n(y)h(not)f(b)r (e)g(detected)e(at)j(b)r(o)r(ot)e(time,)h(or)h(the)200 876 y(system)h(ma)n(y)g(hang.)283 980 y(It)g(is)g(imp)r(ortan)n(t)d(to)j(isolate) f(these)g(hardw)n(are)f(problems)g(if)i(y)n(ou)h(susp)r(ect)c(that)i(they)g (ma)n(y)h(b)r(e)f(the)g(source)f(of)200 1056 y(y)n(our)k(trouble.)26 b(In)19 b(the)f(follo)n(wing)h(sections)f(w)n(e)h(will)i(describ)r(e)16 b(some)i(common)e(hardw)n(are)i(problems)f(and)h(ho)n(w)200 1132 y(to)g(resolv)n(e)g(them.)200 1314 y Fx(2.5.2.1)62 b(Isolating)21 b(hardw)n(are)h(problems)200 1454 y FB(If)17 b(y)n(ou)g(exp)r(erience)e(a)i (problem)e(that)h(y)n(ou)h(b)r(eliev)n(e)f(to)h(b)r(e)f(hardw)n(are-related,) f(the)h(\014rst)g(thing)g(that)g(y)n(ou)h(should)200 1529 y(to)g(do)h(is)g (attempt)d(to)i(isolate)g(the)g(problem.)23 b(This)18 b(means)e(eliminating)g (all)j(p)r(ossible)e(v)m(ariables)g(and)g(\(usually\))200 1605 y(taking)h(the)f(system)g(apart,)g(piece-b)n(y-piece,)h(un)n(til)g(the)g (o\013ending)f(piece)g(of)h(hardw)n(are)f(is)i(isolated.)283 1709 y(This)14 b(is)g(not)g(as)f(frigh)n(tening)g(as)g(it)h(ma)n(y)g(sound.) 22 b(Basically)-5 b(,)16 b(y)n(ou)f(should)e(remo)n(v)n(e)g(all)h(nonessen)n (tial)f(hardw)n(are)200 1785 y(from)22 b(y)n(our)h(system,)h(and)f(then)f (determine)e(whic)n(h)k(device)f(is)g(actually)g(causing)f(the)h(trouble|p)r (ossibly)f(b)n(y)200 1861 y(reinserting)16 b(eac)n(h)h(device,)h(one)f(at)h (a)g(time.)23 b(This)18 b(means)e(that)h(y)n(ou)h(should)g(remo)n(v)n(e)f (all)h(hardw)n(are)f(other)f(than)200 1937 y(the)21 b(\015opp)n(y)g(and)g (video)g(con)n(trollers,)g(and)g(of)g(course)f(the)h(k)n(eyb)r(oard.)33 b(Ev)n(en)21 b(inno)r(cen)n(t-lo)r(oking)f(devices)h(suc)n(h)200 2012 y(as)i(mouse)e(con)n(trollers)g(can)h(wreak)g(unkno)n(wn)h(ha)n(v)n(o)r (c)f(on)h(y)n(our)g(p)r(eace)d(of)j(mind)f(unless)g(y)n(ou)i(consider)d(them) 200 2088 y(nonessen)n(tial.)283 2192 y(F)-5 b(or)21 b(example,)f(let's)h(sa)n (y)g(that)f(the)g(system)f(hangs)h(during)g(the)g(Ethernet)e(b)r(oard)h (detection)g(sequence)g(at)200 2268 y(b)r(o)r(ot)g(time.)33 b(Y)-5 b(ou)20 b(migh)n(t)h(h)n(yp)r(othesize)e(that)h(there)f(is)j(a)f (con\015ict)e(or)i(problem)f(with)h(the)f(Ethernet)e(b)r(oard)i(in)200 2344 y(y)n(our)g(mac)n(hine.)29 b(The)20 b(quic)n(k)h(and)f(easy)f(w)n(a)n(y) j(to)d(\014nd)h(out)f(is)i(to)e(pull)i(the)e(Ethernet)f(b)r(oard,)h(and)h (try)g(b)r(o)r(oting)200 2420 y(again.)29 b(If)20 b(ev)n(erything)f(go)r(es)g (w)n(ell,)j(then)c(y)n(ou)j(kno)n(w)f(that)f(either)f(\(a\))h(the)g(Ethernet) e(b)r(oard)i(is)h(not)f(supp)r(orted)200 2495 y(b)n(y)f(Lin)n(ux)g(\(see)f (Section)f(1.8)i(for)f(a)g(list)h(of)g(compatible)d(b)r(oards\),)h(or)h (\(b\))g(there)f(is)i(an)f(address)f(or)i(IR)n(Q)g(con\015ict)200 2571 y(with)g(the)f(b)r(oard.)283 2675 y(\\Address)j(or)h(IR)n(Q)i (con\015ict?")33 b(What)21 b(on)h(earth)e(do)r(es)g(that)h(mean?)34 b(All)22 b(devices)f(in)i(y)n(our)e(mac)n(hine)g(use)200 2751 y(an)c Fu(IR)o(Q)p FB(,)j(or)d Fu(interrupt)k(r)m(e)m(quest)h(line)p FB(,)d(to)e(tell)h(the)f(system)f(that)h(they)g(need)f(something)g(done)h(on) g(their)g(b)r(ehalf.)200 2827 y(Y)-5 b(ou)20 b(can)f(think)h(of)g(the)f(IR)n (Q)i(as)f(a)g(cord)f(that)g(the)g(device)h(tugs)f(when)g(it)h(needs)f(the)h (system)e(to)i(tak)n(e)f(care)g(of)200 2902 y(some)h(p)r(ending)h(request.)34 b(If)22 b(more)f(than)f(one)i(device)f(is)h(tugging)f(on)h(the)f(same)f (cord,)i(the)f(k)n(ernel)h(w)n(on't)g(b)r(e)200 2978 y(able)c(to)f(detemine)f (whic)n(h)j(device)e(it)i(needs)e(to)g(service.)24 b(Instan)n(t)17 b(ma)n(yhem.)283 3082 y(Therefore,)i(b)r(e)g(sure)h(that)f(all)i(of)f(y)n (our)g(installed)g(devices)g(are)f(using)h(unique)g(IR)n(Q)h(lines.)31 b(In)20 b(general)f(the)200 3158 y(IR)n(Q)e(for)f(a)g(device)g(can)g(b)r(e)g (set)f(b)n(y)i(jump)r(ers)d(on)j(the)e(card;)i(see)e(the)h(do)r(cumen)n (tation)c(for)k(the)g(particular)f(device)200 3234 y(for)e(details.)22 b(Some)12 b(devices)g(do)h(not)f(require)g(the)h(use)f(of)h(an)g(IR)n(Q)h(at) e(all,)j(but)e(it)g(is)h(suggested)c(that)i(y)n(ou)i(con\014gure)200 3310 y(them)i(to)i(use)g(one)f(if)i(p)r(ossible)e(\(the)g(Seagate)f(ST01)h (and)h(ST02)g(SCSI)f(con)n(trollers)g(b)r(eing)g(go)r(o)r(d)g(examples\).)p eop %%Page: 66 81 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(2.5.)49 b(Running)21 b(In)n(to)h(T)-5 b(rouble)1587 b FB(66)283 108 y(In)18 b(some)e(cases,)h(the)g(k)n(ernel)h (pro)n(vided)f(on)g(y)n(our)h(installation)f(media)g(is)h(con\014gured)d(to)j (use)f(a)h(certain)e(IR)n(Q)200 184 y(for)24 b(certain)f(devices.)43 b(F)-5 b(or)25 b(example,)g(on)f(some)f(distributions)g(of)i(Lin)n(ux,)i(the) c(k)n(ernel)i(is)g(precon\014gured)c(to)200 259 y(use)e(IR)n(Q)h(5)f(for)g (the)f(TMC-950)h(SCSI)g(con)n(troller,)f(the)h(Mitsumi)f(CD-R)n(OM)i(con)n (troller,)f(and)g(the)f(bus)h(mouse)200 335 y(driv)n(er.)28 b(If)20 b(y)n(ou)f(w)n(an)n(t)h(to)f(use)f(t)n(w)n(o)i(or)f(more)f(of)h (these)f(devices,)h(y)n(ou'll)i(need)d(to)h(\014rst)g(install)g(Lin)n(ux)h (with)f(only)200 411 y(one)g(of)g(these)f(devices)h(enabled,)g(then)f (recompile)g(the)g(k)n(ernel)i(in)g(order)e(to)h(c)n(hange)f(the)h(default)f (IR)n(Q)i(for)f(one)200 486 y(of)f(them.)23 b(\(See)17 b(Chapter)f(4)i(for)g (information)e(on)i(recompiling)e(the)i(k)n(ernel.\))283 591 y(Another)e(area)h(where)g(hardw)n(are)g(con\015icts)f(can)h(arise)h(is)h (with)f(DMA)g(\(direct)e(memory)g(access\))g(c)n(hannels,)200 666 y(I/O)26 b(addresses,)f(and)h(shared)e(memory)f(addresses.)45 b(All)27 b(of)e(these)g(terms)e(describ)r(e)h(mec)n(hanisms)f(through)200 742 y(whic)n(h)j(the)f(system)g(in)n(terfaces)f(with)i(hardw)n(are)f (devices.)48 b(Some)24 b(Ethernet)g(b)r(oards,)i(for)g(example,)h(use)e(a)200 818 y(shared)14 b(memory)f(address)h(as)i(w)n(ell)g(as)f(an)h(IR)n(Q)g(to)f 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y(un)n(til)g(y)n(ou)f(ha)n(v)n(e)h(time)e(to)h(determine)d (the)i(cause)g(of)h(the)g(problem.)283 1481 y(T)-5 b(able)18 b(2.2)g(is)g(a)g(list)g(of)g(IR)n(Q)h(and)e(DMA)h(c)n(hannels)f(used)g(b)n(y) i(v)m(arious)e(\\standard")e(devices)i(found)g(on)h(most)200 1556 y(systems.)k(Almost)15 b(all)j(systems)d(will)j(ha)n(v)n(e)f(some)e(of)i (these)e(devices,)i(so)f(y)n(ou)i(should)e(a)n(v)n(oid)h(setting)f(the)f(IR)n (Q)j(or)200 1632 y(DMA)g(of)g(other)f(devices)g(in)i(con\015ict)d(with)i (these)f(v)m(alues.)p 725 1749 1350 3 v 759 1798 a Fd(Device)514 b(I/O)17 b(address)67 b(IR)o(Q)f(DMA)p 725 1821 V 759 1869 a Fr(ttyS0)17 b Fd(\()p Fr(COM1)p Fd(\))373 b(3f8)265 b(4)135 b(n/a)759 1939 y Fr(ttyS1)17 b Fd(\()p Fr(COM2)p Fd(\))373 b(2f8)265 b(3)135 b(n/a)759 2008 y Fr(ttyS2)17 b Fd(\()p Fr(COM3)p Fd(\))373 b(3e8)258 b(4)135 b(n/a)759 2078 y Fr(ttyS3)17 b Fd(\()p Fr(COM4)p Fd(\))373 b(2e8)258 b(3)135 b(n/a)759 2147 y Fr(lp0)17 b Fd(\()p Fr(LPT1)p Fd(\))425 b(378)16 b(-)h(37f)137 b(7)e(n/a)759 2217 y Fr(lp1)17 b Fd(\()p Fr(LPT2)p Fd(\))425 b(278)16 b(-)h(27f)137 b(5)e(n/a)759 2286 y Fr(fd0)p Fd(,)17 b Fr(fd1)h Fd(\(\015oppies)f(1)g(and)g(2\))66 b(3f0)16 b(-)h(3f7)147 b(6)135 b(2)759 2355 y Fr(fd2)p Fd(,)17 b Fr(fd3)h Fd(\(\015oppies)f(3)g(and) g(4\))66 b(370)16 b(-)h(377)127 b(10)109 b(3)974 2475 y FB(T)-5 b(able)18 b(2.2:)25 b(Common)15 b(device)j(settings)200 2751 y Fx(2.5.2.2)62 b(Problems)20 b(recognizing)i(hard)g(driv)n(e)f(or)h(con)n (troller)200 2891 y FB(When)17 b(Lin)n(ux)i(b)r(o)r(ots,)d(y)n(ou)j(should)e (see)h(a)g(series)f(of)h(messages)e(on)i(y)n(our)g(screen)f(suc)n(h)h(as:)338 3026 y Fr(Console:)54 b(colour)27 b(EGA+)g(80x25,)g(8)f(virtual)h(consoles) 338 3102 y(Serial)g(driver)g(version)h(3.96)e(with)h(no)g(serial)g(options)g (enabled)338 3178 y(tty00)g(at)g(0x03f8)g(\(irq)g(=)f(4\))g(is)h(a)f(16450) 338 3253 y(tty03)h(at)g(0x02e8)g(\(irq)g(=)f(3\))g(is)h(a)f(16550A)338 3329 y(lp)p 393 3329 16 3 v 20 w(init:)53 b(lp1)26 b(exists)h(\(0\),)g(using) g(polling)g(driver)338 3405 y Fe(:)9 b(:)g(:)p eop %%Page: 67 82 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(2.5.)49 b(Running)21 b(In)n(to)h(T)-5 b(rouble)1587 b FB(67)200 108 y(Here,)19 b(the)g(k)n(ernel)g(is)h(detecting)d (the)i(v)m(arious)g(hardw)n(are)f(devices)g(presen)n(t)g(on)i(y)n(our)f (system.)27 b(A)n(t)20 b(some)e(p)r(oin)n(t,)200 184 y(y)n(ou)h(should)e(see) h(the)f(line)338 332 y Fr(Partition)28 b(check:)200 481 y FB(follo)n(w)n(ed) 19 b(b)n(y)g(a)f(list)g(of)g(recognized)e(partitions,)h(for)h(example:)338 629 y Fr(Partition)28 b(check:)338 705 y(hda:)53 b(hda1)27 b(hda2)338 781 y(hdb:)53 b(hdb1)27 b(hdb2)g(hdb3)200 929 y FB(If,)19 b(for)e(some)f(reason,)h(y)n(our)h(driv)n(es)g(or)g(partitions)e (are)h(not)g(recognized,)f(then)h(y)n(ou)h(will)i(not)d(b)r(e)g(able)g(to)h (access)200 1005 y(them)e(in)j(an)n(y)g(w)n(a)n(y)-5 b(.)283 1109 y(There)17 b(are)g(sev)n(eral)h(things)g(that)f(can)g(cause)g(this)h(to) g(happ)r(en:)283 1258 y FA(\017)27 b Fx(Hard)d(driv)n(e)h(or)e(con)n(troller) h(not)g(supp)r(orted.)32 b FB(If)21 b(y)n(ou)g(are)e(using)h(a)h(hard)e(driv) n(e)i(con)n(troller)e(\(IDE,)338 1334 y(SCSI,)14 b(or)e(otherwise\))f(that)h (is)i(not)e(supp)r(orted)e(b)n(y)k(Lin)n(ux,)h(the)d(k)n(ernel)h(will)h(not)f (recognize)e(y)n(our)i(partitions)338 1409 y(at)18 b(b)r(o)r(ot)e(time.)283 1529 y FA(\017)27 b Fx(Driv)n(e)16 b(or)g(con)n(troller)h(improp)r(erly)e (con\014gured.)25 b FB(Ev)n(en)13 b(if)i(y)n(our)e(con)n(troller)g(is)h(supp) r(orted)d(b)n(y)j(Lin)n(ux,)338 1605 y(it)19 b(ma)n(y)f(not)g(b)r(e)g (con\014gured)e(correctly)-5 b(.)25 b(\(This)18 b(is)h(particularly)e(a)i (problem)e(for)h(SCSI)g(con)n(trollers;)g(most)338 1681 y(non-SCSI)g(con)n (trollers)f(should)g(w)n(ork)i(\014ne)e(without)g(an)n(y)i(additional)e (con\014guration\).)338 1779 y(Refer)j(to)g(the)g(do)r(cumen)n(tation)d(for)j (y)n(our)h(hard)e(driv)n(e)i(and/or)f(con)n(troller)f(for)h(information)f(on) h(solving)338 1854 y(these)15 b(kinds)h(of)f(problems.)22 b(In)16 b(particular,)f(man)n(y)h(hard)f(driv)n(es)h(will)h(need)e(to)g(ha)n(v)n(e)h (a)g(jump)r(er)d(set)j(if)g(they)338 1930 y(are)f(to)g(b)r(e)g(used)g(as)g(a) h(\\sla)n(v)n(e")g(driv)n(e)g(\(for)f(example,)g(as)g(the)g(second)f(hard)h (driv)n(e\).)23 b(The)16 b(acid)f(test)f(for)i(this)338 2006 y(kind)h(of)f(condition)e(is)j(to)e(b)r(o)r(ot)f(up)i(MS-DOS,)g(or)g(some)f (other)f(op)r(erating)f(system,)j(kno)n(wn)g(to)f(w)n(ork)h(with)338 2082 y(y)n(our)21 b(driv)n(e)g(and)g(con)n(troller.)31 b(If)21 b(y)n(ou)g(can)f(access)g(the)g(driv)n(e)h(and)f(con)n(troller)g(from)f (another)g(op)r(erating)338 2157 y(system,)e(then)g(it)i(is)f(not)g(a)g (problem)e(with)i(y)n(our)h(hardw)n(are)d(con\014guration.)338 2255 y(See)26 b(Section)e(2.5.2.1,)29 b(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e,)f(for)d(information)f (on)i(resolving)f(p)r(ossible)g(device)g(con\015icts,)i(and)f(Sec-)338 2331 y(tion)18 b(2.5.2.3,)h(b)r(elo)n(w,)f(for)g(information)e(on)i (con\014guring)e(SCSI)i(devices.)283 2451 y FA(\017)27 b Fx(Con)n(troller)h (prop)r(erly)g(con\014gured,)j(but)d(not)g(detected.)43 b FB(Some)22 b(BIOS-less)i(SCSI)g(con)n(trollers)338 2527 y(require)g(the)g(user)g(to)h (sp)r(ecify)f(information)e(ab)r(out)h(the)h(con)n(troller)g(at)g(b)r(o)r(ot) f(time.)43 b(Section)24 b(2.5.2.3,)338 2602 y(b)r(elo)n(w,)19 b(describ)r(es)d(ho)n(w)i(to)g(force)e(hardw)n(are)h(detection)f(for)i(these) e(con)n(trollers.)283 2722 y FA(\017)27 b Fx(Hard)f(driv)n(e)f(geometry)f (not)h(recognized.)35 b FB(Some)20 b(systems,)h(suc)n(h)g(as)g(the)g(IBM)g (PS/V)-5 b(alueP)n(oin)n(t,)338 2798 y(do)19 b(not)f(store)f(hard)h(driv)n(e) i(geometry)c(information)h(in)i(the)f(CMOS)g(memory)-5 b(,)18 b(where)g(Lin)n(ux)h(exp)r(ects)e(to)338 2874 y(\014nd)j(it.)33 b(Also,)21 b(certain)e(SCSI)h(con)n(trollers)f(need)h(to)g(b)r(e)g(told)g (where)g(to)g(\014nd)g(driv)n(e)h(geometry)d(in)j(order)338 2949 y(for)d(Lin)n(ux)h(to)e(recognize)f(the)i(la)n(y)n(out)g(of)g(y)n(our)g (driv)n(e.)338 3047 y(Most)j(distributions)e(pro)n(vide)i(a)h(b)r(o)r(otup)c (option)j(to)f(sp)r(ecify)h(the)f(driv)n(e)i(geometry)-5 b(.)32 b(In)21 b(general,)g(when)338 3123 y(b)r(o)r(oting)c(the)h(installation)g (media,)g(y)n(ou)h(can)g(sp)r(ecify)f(the)g(driv)n(e)h(geometry)d(at)i(the)g (LILO)h(b)r(o)r(ot)e(prompt)338 3199 y(with)h(a)h(command)c(suc)n(h)j(as:)460 3319 y Fr(boot:)53 b Fo(linux)18 b(hd=)p Fg(h)p Ff(cylinders)p Fg(i)p Fo(,)p Fg(h)p Ff(heads)p Fg(i)p Fo(,)p Fg(h)p Ff(sectors)p Fg(i)p eop %%Page: 68 83 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(2.5.)49 b(Running)21 b(In)n(to)h(T)-5 b(rouble)1587 b FB(68)338 108 y(where)21 b FA(h)p Fp(cylinders)p FA(i)p FB(,)h FA(h)p Fp(heads)p FA(i)p FB(,)f(and)h FA(h)p Fp(sectors)p FA(i)d FB(corresp)r(ond)f(to)k(the)f(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)f(of)i (cylinders,)h(heads,)f(and)338 184 y(sectors)17 b(p)r(er)g(trac)n(k)g(for)h (y)n(our)g(hard)f(driv)n(e.)338 281 y(After)d(installing)i(the)f(Lin)n(ux)h (soft)n(w)n(are,)f(y)n(ou)h(will)h(b)r(e)e(able)g(to)g(install)h(LILO,)g (allo)n(wing)g(y)n(ou)g(to)f(b)r(o)r(ot)f(from)338 357 y(the)i(hard)f(driv)n (e.)24 b(A)n(t)16 b(that)f(time,)h(y)n(ou)h(can)e(sp)r(ecify)g(the)h(driv)n (e)g(geometry)e(to)h(the)g(LILO)h(installation)f(pro-)338 433 y(cedure,)h(making)g(it)h(unnecessary)e(to)h(en)n(ter)g(the)g(driv)n(e)i (geometry)c(eac)n(h)i(time)g(y)n(ou)i(b)r(o)r(ot.)k(See)16 b(Chapter)f(4)338 509 y(for)j(more)f(ab)r(out)f(LILO.)200 735 y Fx(2.5.2.3)62 b(Problems)20 b(with)h(SCSI)h(con)n(trollers)g(and)g(devices) 200 875 y FB(Presen)n(ted)c(here)i(are)f(some)g(of)i(the)e(most)g(common)f (problems)g(with)j(SCSI)f(con)n(trollers)f(and)h(devices)f(suc)n(h)h(as)200 950 y(CD-R)n(OMs,)d(hard)e(driv)n(es,)h(and)f(tap)r(e)f(driv)n(es.)24 b(If)16 b(y)n(ou)g(are)f(ha)n(ving)g(problems)f(getting)g(Lin)n(ux)i(to)f (recognize)e(y)n(our)200 1026 y(driv)n(e)19 b(or)e(con)n(troller,)h(read)f (on.)283 1130 y(The)h(Lin)n(ux)h(SCSI)g(HO)n(WTO)g(\(see)e(App)r(endix)h(A\)) g(con)n(tains)f(m)n(uc)n(h)h(useful)h(information)d(on)j(SCSI)f(devices)200 1206 y(in)h(addition)e(to)h(that)e(listed)i(here.)24 b(SCSI)18 b(can)f(b)r(e)h(particularly)f(tric)n(ky)h(to)g(con\014gure)e(at)i(times.)283 1366 y FA(\017)27 b Fx(A)19 b(SCSI)g(device)f(is)g(detected)h(at)f(all)f(p)r (ossible)i(ID's.)k FB(This)15 b(is)h(caused)e(b)n(y)i(strapping)e(the)h (device)g(to)338 1441 y(the)j(same)g(address)f(as)h(the)g(con)n(troller.)25 b(Y)-5 b(ou)19 b(need)f(to)g(c)n(hange)f(the)h(jump)r(er)f(settings)g(so)h (that)g(the)g(driv)n(e)338 1517 y(uses)g(a)g(di\013eren)n(t)f(address)g(from) g(the)g(con)n(troller)g(itself.)283 1637 y FA(\017)27 b Fx(Lin)n(ux)19 b(rep)r(orts)g(sense)h(errors,)f(ev)n(en)g(if)g(the)g(devices)g(are)g(kno)n (wn)g(to)f(b)r(e)h(error-free.)25 b FB(This)16 b(can)338 1713 y(b)r(e)j(caused)f(b)n(y)j(bad)e(cables,)g(or)h(b)n(y)g(bad)f(termination.)27 b(If)20 b(y)n(our)f(SCSI)h(bus)f(is)h(not)f(terminated)e(at)i(b)r(oth)338 1789 y(ends,)f(y)n(ou)h(ma)n(y)f(ha)n(v)n(e)g(errors)f(accessing)f(SCSI)i (devices.)24 b(When)17 b(in)i(doubt,)e(alw)n(a)n(ys)i(c)n(hec)n(k)g(y)n(our)f (cables.)283 1909 y FA(\017)27 b Fx(SCSI)19 b(devices)f(rep)r(ort)h(timeout)d (errors.)24 b FB(This)16 b(is)f(usually)h(caused)e(b)n(y)i(a)f(con\015ict)f (with)h(IR)n(Q,)h(DMA,)338 1984 y(or)i(device)g(addresses.)k(Also)c(c)n(hec)n (k)g(that)f(in)n(terrupts)g(are)g(enabled)g(correctly)f(on)i(y)n(our)g(con)n (troller.)283 2104 y FA(\017)27 b Fx(SCSI)21 b(con)n(trollers)e(using)h(BIOS) g(are)g(not)f(detected.)25 b FB(Detection)14 b(of)j(con)n(trollers)e(using)h (BIOS)h(will)338 2180 y(fail)i(if)g(the)e(BIOS)i(is)g(disabled,)f(or)g(if)g (y)n(our)h(con)n(troller's)e(\\signature")f(is)i(not)g(recognized)e(b)n(y)j (the)e(k)n(ernel.)338 2256 y(See)h(the)f(Lin)n(ux)i(SCSI)f(HO)n(WTO)g(for)g (more)e(information)g(ab)r(out)h(this.)283 2376 y FA(\017)27 b Fx(Con)n(trollers)18 b(using)f(memory)f(mapp)r(ed)h(I/O)g(do)g(not)h(w)n (ork.)23 b FB(This)15 b(is)g(caused)e(when)h(the)g(memory-)338 2451 y(mapp)r(ed)25 b(I/O)i(p)r(orts)e(are)h(incorrectly)f(cac)n(hed.)50 b(Either)26 b(mark)g(the)g(b)r(oard's)f(address)h(space)f(as)i(un-)338 2527 y(cac)n(heable)17 b(in)h(the)g(X)n(CMOS)g(settings,)f(or)g(disable)h (cac)n(he)f(altogether.)283 2647 y FA(\017)27 b Fx(When)21 b(partitioning,)f(y)n(ou)g(get)h(a)f(w)n(arning)h(that)f(\\cylinders)h Fw(>)g Fx(1024",)f(or)g(y)n(ou)g(are)h(unable)338 2723 y(to)29 b(b)r(o)r(ot)e(from)i(a)f(partition)g(using)h(cylinders)g(n)n(um)n(b)r(ered)h (ab)r(o)n(v)n(e)f(1023.)43 b FB(BIOS)25 b(limits)f(the)338 2799 y(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)17 b(of)h(cylinders)g(to)g(1024,)f(and)h(an)n(y)g (partition)f(using)h(cylinders)g(n)n(um)n(b)r(ered)e(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e)i(this)g (w)n(on't)g(b)r(e)338 2874 y(accessible)k(from)g(the)g(BIOS.)h(As)g(far)f(as) h(Lin)n(ux)h(is)f(concerned,)f(this)h(a\013ects)e(only)j(b)r(o)r(oting;)f (once)f(the)338 2950 y(system)16 b(has)h(b)r(o)r(oted)e(y)n(ou)i(should)g(b)r 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(detection)f(at)h(b)r(o)r(ot)200 184 y(time.)32 b(This)22 b(is)f (particularly)f(imp)r(ortan)n(t)f(for)h(BIOS-less)i(SCSI)e(con)n(trollers.)32 b(Most)20 b(distributions)g(allo)n(w)i(y)n(ou)200 259 y(to)17 b(sp)r(ecify)g(the)g(con)n(troller)f(IR)n(Q)i(and)f(shared)f(memory)g (address)g(when)h(b)r(o)r(oting)e(the)i(installation)g(media.)23 b(F)-5 b(or)200 335 y(example,)17 b(if)i(y)n(ou)f(are)g(using)g(a)g(TMC-8xx)g (con)n(troller,)g(y)n(ou)g(ma)n(y)g(b)r(e)f(able)h(to)g(en)n(ter)338 470 y Fr(boot:)53 b Fo(linux)18 b(tmx8xx=)p Fg(h)p Ff(in)o(terrupt)p Fg(i)p Fo(,)p Fg(h)p Ff(memory-address)p Fg(i)200 604 y FB(at)h(the)f(LILO)g (b)r(o)r(ot)f(prompt,)h(where)g FA(h)p Fp(in)n(terrupt)p FA(i)e FB(is)k(the)e(IR)n(Q)h(of)g(con)n(troller,)g(and)f FA(h)p Fp(memory-address)p FA(i)d FB(is)k(the)200 680 y(shared)e(memory)g(address.)24 b(Whether)17 b(or)h(not)g(y)n(ou)h(will)h(b)r(e)e(able)g(to)h(do)f(this)g (dep)r(ends)f(on)h(the)g(distribution)f(of)200 756 y(Lin)n(ux)i(y)n(ou)f(are) g(using;)g(consult)f(y)n(our)h(do)r(cumen)n(tation)c(for)k(details.)200 947 y Fh(2.5.3)75 b(Problems)26 b(installing)i(the)d(soft)n(w)n(are)200 1087 y FB(Actually)12 b(installing)h(the)f(Lin)n(ux)h(soft)n(w)n(are)e (should)h(b)r(e)g(quite)h(trouble-free,)f(if)h(y)n(ou're)g(luc)n(ky)-5 b(.)24 b(The)12 b(only)h(problems)200 1163 y(that)19 b(y)n(ou)h(migh)n(t)g (exp)r(erience)d(w)n(ould)k(b)r(e)e(related)f(to)i(corrupt)e(installation)h (media)g(or)h(lac)n(k)h(of)f(space)e(on)i(y)n(our)200 1239 y(Lin)n(ux)f(\014lesystems.)j(Here)17 b(is)i(a)f(list)g(of)g(these)f(common)f (problems.)283 1381 y FA(\017)27 b Fx(System)21 b(rep)r(orts)g(\\)p Fv(Read)30 b(error)p Fx(",)22 b(\\)p Fv(file)29 b(not)h(found)p Fx(",)21 b(or)h(other)f(errors)h(while)f(attempting)338 1457 y(to)27 b(install)f(the)h(soft)n(w)n(are.)39 b FB(This)24 b(is)f(indicativ)n (e)g(of)g(a)g(problem)e(with)i(y)n(our)g(installation)f(media.)38 b(If)338 1533 y(y)n(ou)18 b(are)e(installing)g(from)g(\015opp)n(y)-5 b(,)17 b(k)n(eep)g(in)g(mind)f(that)g(\015oppies)g(are)g(quite)g(succeptible) f(to)h(media)g(errors)338 1608 y(of)23 b(this)f(t)n(yp)r(e.)36 b(Be)22 b(sure)g(to)g(use)f(brand-new,)i(newly-formatted)c(\015oppies.)36 b(If)23 b(y)n(ou)f(ha)n(v)n(e)h(an)f(MS-DOS)338 1684 y(partition)e(on)h(y)n (our)g(driv)n(e,)h(man)n(y)f(Lin)n(ux)g(distributions)e(allo)n(w)j(y)n(ou)g (to)e(install)h(the)f(soft)n(w)n(are)g(from)g(the)338 1760 y(hard)e(driv)n(e.)25 b(This)18 b(ma)n(y)g(b)r(e)f(faster)g(and)h(more)e (reliable)i(than)f(using)h(\015oppies.)338 1854 y(If)i(y)n(ou)h(are)e(using)g (a)h(CD-R)n(OM,)h(b)r(e)e(sure)g(to)g(c)n(hec)n(k)h(the)f(disc)h(for)f (scratc)n(hes,)g(dust,)g(or)h(other)e(problems)338 1930 y(whic)n(h)h(migh)n (t)e(cause)g(media)g(errors.)338 2024 y(The)j(cause)f(of)h(the)g(problem)e (ma)n(y)i(b)r(e)g(that)f(the)g(media)h(is)g(in)h(the)e(incorrect)g(format.)28 b(F)-5 b(or)21 b(example,)f(if)338 2100 y(using)c(\015oppies,)g(man)n(y)g 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f(to)g(re-create)e(y)n(our)j(\014lesystems)d(\(with)i(the)f Fv(mke2fs)i FB(command\))c(whic)n(h)k(will)338 3253 y(delete)f(the)g (partially-installed)h(soft)n(w)n(are.)35 b(Y)-5 b(ou)21 b(can)g(then)g (attempt)e(to)i(re-install)h(the)f(soft)n(w)n(are,)i(this)338 3329 y(time)c(selecting)g(a)h(smaller)f(amoun)n(t)f(of)i(soft)n(w)n(are)f(to) g(install.)30 b(In)20 b(other)f(cases,)g(y)n(ou)i(ma)n(y)e(need)g(to)h(start) 338 3405 y(completely)d(from)f(scratc)n(h,)h(and)h(rethink)f(y)n(our)i (partition)d(and)i(\014lesystem)e(sizes.)p eop %%Page: 70 85 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(2.5.)49 b(Running)21 b(In)n(to)h(T)-5 b(rouble)1587 b FB(70)283 108 y FA(\017)27 b Fx(System)21 b(rep)r(orts)i (errors)g(suc)n(h)g(as)f(\\)p Fv(read)p 1345 108 18 3 v 22 w(intr:)58 b(0x10)p Fx(")23 b(while)f(accessing)h(the)f(hard)h(driv)n(e.)338 184 y FB(This)c(is)f(usually)g(an)g(indication)f(of)h(bad)f(blo)r(c)n(ks)h (on)g(y)n(our)g(driv)n(e.)25 b(Ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)18 b(if)h(y)n(ou)f(receiv)n (e)f(these)g(errors)338 259 y(while)k(using)e Fv(mkswap)i FB(or)e Fv(mke2fs)p FB(,)j(the)d(system)f(ma)n(y)i(b)r(e)f(ha)n(ving)h(trouble)f (accessing)f(y)n(our)i(driv)n(e.)30 b(This)338 335 y(can)17 b(either)g(b)r(e)f(a)i(hardw)n(are)e(problem)f(\(see)i(Section)f(2.5.2\),)h (or)h(it)f(migh)n(t)g(b)r(e)g(a)g(case)g(of)g(p)r(o)r(orly)f(sp)r(eci\014ed) 338 411 y(geometry)-5 b(.)23 b(If)18 b(y)n(ou)h(used)e(the)460 531 y Fr(hd=)p Fg(h)p Ff(cylinders)p Fg(i)p Fr(,)p Fg(h)p Ff(heads)p Fg(i)p Fr(,)p Fg(h)p Ff(sectors)p Fg(i)338 651 y FB(option)22 b(at)g(b)r(o)r(ot)e(time)i(to)g(force)f(detection)f(of)j(y)n(our)f(driv)n(e)h (geometry)-5 b(,)22 b(and)g(incorrectly)f(sp)r(eci\014ed)f(the)338 726 y(geometry)-5 b(,)16 b(y)n(ou)i(could)e(b)r(e)h(prone)f(to)h(this)g (problem.)22 b(This)c(can)f(also)g(happ)r(en)e(if)j(y)n(our)f(driv)n(e)h (geometry)d(is)338 802 y(incorrectly)i(sp)r(eci\014ed)f(in)j(the)e(system)g (CMOS.)283 922 y FA(\017)27 b Fx(System)18 b(rep)r(orts)h(errors)g(suc)n(h)h (as)f(\\)p Fv(file)29 b(not)h(found)p Fx(")19 b(or)f(\\)p Fv(permission)30 b(denied)p Fx(".)25 b FB(This)16 b(prob-)338 998 y(lem)22 b(can)f(o)r(ccur)g (if)h(not)g(all)h(of)f(the)f(necessary)f(\014les)i(are)g(presen)n(t)f(on)g (the)h(installation)f(media)g(\(see)g(the)338 1074 y(next)g(paragraph\))e(or) i(if)h(there)e(is)i(a)g(p)r(ermissions)d(problem)h(with)i(the)e(installation) h(soft)n(w)n(are.)34 b(F)-5 b(or)22 b(ex-)338 1149 y(ample,)17 b(some)g(distributions)f(of)h(Lin)n(ux)i(ha)n(v)n(e)f(b)r(een)e(kno)n(wn)i (to)f(ha)n(v)n(e)h(bugs)f(in)h(the)f(installation)g(soft)n(w)n(are)338 1225 y(itself.)30 b(These)19 b(are)g(usually)h(\014xed)f(v)n(ery)h(rapidly)-5 b(,)22 b(and)d(are)g(quite)g(infrequen)n(t.)29 b(If)20 b(y)n(ou)g(susp)r(ect) e(that)g(the)338 1301 y(distribution)g(soft)n(w)n(are)g(con)n(tains)g(bugs,)i (and)e(y)n(ou're)h(sure)g(that)f(y)n(ou)h(ha)n(v)n(e)h(not)e(done)g(an)n (ything)h(wrong,)338 1376 y(con)n(tact)e(the)g(main)n(tainer)f(of)i(the)g (distribution)f(to)g(rep)r(ort)f(the)h(bug.)283 1536 y(If)f(y)n(ou)g(ha)n(v)n (e)h(other)d(strange)g(errors)g(when)h(installing)h(Lin)n(ux)g(\(esp)r (ecially)f(if)h(y)n(ou)h(do)n(wnloaded)d(the)h(soft)n(w)n(are)200 1612 y(y)n(ourself)t(\),)29 b(b)r(e)d(sure)g(that)f(y)n(ou)i(actually)f (obtained)f(all)j(of)e(the)g(necessary)f(\014les)i(when)f(do)n(wnloading.)49 b(F)-5 b(or)200 1687 y(example,)17 b(some)g(p)r(eople)g(use)g(the)h(FTP)g (command)338 1836 y Fr(mget)27 b(*.*)200 1985 y FB(when)c(do)n(wnloading)g (the)g(Lin)n(ux)h(soft)n(w)n(are)f(via)h(FTP)-5 b(.)25 b(This)f(will)h(do)n (wnload)e(only)h(those)e(\014les)i(that)e(con)n(tain)200 2060 y(a)g(\\)p Fv(.)p FB(")37 b(in)23 b(their)f(\014lenames;)g(if)h(there)e(are)h (an)n(y)h(\014les)f(without)f(the)h(\\)p Fv(.)p FB(",)h(y)n(ou)g(will)h(miss) e(them.)36 b(The)22 b(correct)200 2136 y(command)15 b(to)j(use)f(in)i(this)f (case)f(is)338 2285 y Fr(mget)27 b(*)283 2433 y FB(The)20 b(b)r(est)e(advice) i(is)h(to)e(retrace)f(y)n(our)i(steps)f(when)h(something)e(go)r(es)h(wrong.) 29 b(Y)-5 b(ou)20 b(ma)n(y)g(think)g(that)f(y)n(ou)200 2509 y(ha)n(v)n(e)d(done)f(ev)n(erything)g(correctly)-5 b(,)15 b(when)g(in)h(fact) e(y)n(ou)i(forgot)f(a)g(small)g(but)g(imp)r(ortan)n(t)e(step)i(somewhere)e (along)200 2585 y(the)20 b(w)n(a)n(y)-5 b(.)32 b(In)21 b(man)n(y)f(cases,)g (just)f(attempting)f(to)i(re-do)n(wnload)f(or)h(re-install)g(the)g(Lin)n(ux)h (soft)n(w)n(are)e(can)h(solv)n(e)200 2660 y(the)d(problem.)23 b(Don't)18 b(b)r(eat)f(y)n(our)h(head)f(against)g(the)h(w)n(all)h(an)n(y)f (longer)g(than)f(y)n(ou)h(ha)n(v)n(e)h(to!)283 2765 y(Also,)e(if)f(Lin)n(ux)h (unexp)r(ectedly)c(hangs)i(during)h(installation,)g(there)e(ma)n(y)i(b)r(e)f (a)h(hardw)n(are)f(problem)f(of)i(some)200 2840 y(kind.)25 b(See)17 b(Section)g(2.5.2)h(for)g(hin)n(ts.)200 3035 y Fh(2.5.4)75 b(Problems)26 b(after)f(installing)j(Lin)n(ux)200 3175 y FB(Y)-5 b(ou'v)n(e)22 b(sp)r(en)n(t)f(an)g(en)n(tire)g(afterno)r(on)e(installing)j (Lin)n(ux.)36 b(In)22 b(order)e(to)i(mak)n(e)f(space)f(for)i(it,)h(y)n(ou)f (wip)r(ed)f(y)n(our)200 3251 y(MS-DOS)c(and)g(OS/2)g(partitions,)f(and)h (tearfully)f(deleted)g(y)n(our)h(copies)f(of)h(SimCit)n(y)h(and)e(Wing)h (Commander.)200 3326 y(Y)-5 b(ou)15 b(reb)r(o)r(ot)e(the)i(system,)g(and)g (nothing)f(happ)r(ens.)22 b(Or,)16 b(ev)n(en)g(w)n(orse,)g Fu(something)22 b FB(happ)r(ens,)14 b(but)h(it's)h(not)f(what)200 3402 y(should)j(happ)r(en.)k(What)c(do)g(y)n(ou)g(do?)p eop %%Page: 71 86 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(2.5.)49 b(Running)21 b(In)n(to)h(T)-5 b(rouble)1587 b FB(71)283 108 y(In)21 b(Section)e(2.5.1,)i(w)n(e)g(co)n(v)n (ered)f(some)f(of)h(the)g(most)f(common)e(problems)i(that)g(can)h(o)r(ccur)f (when)h(b)r(o)r(oting)200 184 y(the)h(Lin)n(ux)i(installation)e(media|man)n (y)g(of)h(those)e(problems)h(ma)n(y)g(apply)i(here.)35 b(In)22 b(addition,)h(y)n(ou)f(ma)n(y)g(b)r(e)200 259 y(victim)c(to)f(one)h(of)g(the) f(follo)n(wing)i(maladies.)200 441 y Fx(2.5.4.1)62 b(Problems)20 b(b)r(o)r(oting)h(Lin)n(ux)g(from)g(\015opp)n(y)200 581 y FB(If)h(y)n(ou)f (are)g(using)g(a)h(\015opp)n(y)f(to)g(b)r(o)r(ot)e(Lin)n(ux,)24 b(y)n(ou)d(ma)n(y)h(need)e(to)h(sp)r(ecify)g(the)f(lo)r(cation)g(of)h(y)n (our)h(Lin)n(ux)g(ro)r(ot)200 656 y(partition)17 b(at)h(b)r(o)r(ot)e(time.)24 b(This)18 b(is)h(esp)r(ecially)f(true)f(if)i(y)n(ou)f(are)g(using)g(the)f (original)h(installation)g(\015opp)n(y)g(itself,)200 732 y(and)g(not)f(a)h (custom)e(b)r(o)r(ot)g(\015opp)n(y)i(created)e(during)i(installation.)283 836 y(While)24 b(b)r(o)r(oting)d(the)i(\015opp)n(y)-5 b(,)25 b(hold)f(do)n(wn)p 1222 789 169 3 v 1222 853 3 64 v 42 w Fr(shift)p 1388 853 V 1222 855 169 3 v 43 w FB(or)p 1487 789 143 3 v 1487 853 3 64 v 42 w Fr(ctrl)p 1628 853 V 1487 855 143 3 v 20 w FB(.)41 b(This)24 b(should)e(presen)n(t)g(y)n(ou)i(with)g(a)f(b)r(o)r(ot)200 912 y(men)n(u;)f(press)p 511 865 117 3 v 511 929 3 64 v 39 w Fr(tab)p 625 929 V 511 931 117 3 v 41 w FB(to)f(see)f(a)h(list)h(of)f(a)n (v)m(ailable)h(options.)32 b(F)-5 b(or)22 b(example,)f(man)n(y)f (distributions)g(allo)n(w)i(y)n(ou)g(to)200 988 y(t)n(yp)r(e)338 1135 y Fr(boot:)53 b Fo(linux)18 b(hd=)p Fg(h)p Ff(partition)p Fg(i)200 1282 y FB(at)j(the)g(b)r(o)r(ot)f(men)n(u,)i(where)f FA(h)p Fp(partition)p FA(i)e FB(is)k(the)e(name)f(of)i(the)f(Lin)n(ux)h(ro)r (ot)e(partition,)i(suc)n(h)f(as)h Fv(/dev/hda2)p FB(.)200 1358 y(Consult)17 b(the)h(do)r(cumen)n(tation)c(for)k(y)n(our)g(distribution)f (for)g(details.)200 1539 y Fx(2.5.4.2)62 b(Problems)20 b(b)r(o)r(oting)h(Lin) n(ux)g(from)g(the)g(hard)i(driv)n(e)200 1679 y FB(If)g(y)n(ou)h(opted)e(to)g (install)i(LILO,)f(instead)f(of)h(creating)e(a)i(b)r(o)r(ot)e(\015opp)n(y)-5 b(,)25 b(then)d(y)n(ou)i(should)e(b)r(e)h(able)g(to)f(b)r(o)r(ot)200 1755 y(Lin)n(ux)i(from)e(the)h(hard)g(driv)n(e.)42 b(Ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)25 b(the)e(automated)d(LILO)j(installation)g(pro)r(cedure)e(used)h(b)n(y)j(man)n (y)200 1831 y(distributions)16 b(is)i(not)e(alw)n(a)n(ys)i(p)r(erfect.)k(It) 17 b(ma)n(y)g(mak)n(e)g(incorrect)e(assumptions)g(ab)r(out)g(y)n(our)j (partition)d(la)n(y)n(out,)200 1906 y(in)j(whic)n(h)g(case)e(y)n(ou)i(will)h (need)d(to)h(re-install)h(LILO)f(to)g(get)f(ev)n(erything)h(righ)n(t.)24 b(Installing)17 b(LILO)g(is)h(co)n(v)n(ered)f(in)200 1982 y(Chapter)f(4.)283 2140 y FA(\017)27 b Fx(System)k(rep)r(orts)i(\\)p Fv(Drive)d(not)f (bootable---Please)h(insert)f(system)h(disk.)p Fx(")53 b FB(Y)-5 b(ou)27 b(will)i(get)338 2216 y(this)24 b(error)e(message)g(if)i(the)f(hard)g (driv)n(e's)i(master)c(b)r(o)r(ot)h(record)g(is)i(corrupt)e(in)i(some)f(w)n (a)n(y)-5 b(.)43 b(In)24 b(most)338 2291 y(cases,)d(it's)h(harmless,)e(and)h (ev)n(erything)f(else)h(on)g(y)n(our)g(driv)n(e)g(is)h(still)g(in)n(tact.)32 b(There)20 b(are)h(sev)n(eral)f(w)n(a)n(ys)338 2367 y(around)d(this:)389 2497 y(1.)28 b(While)19 b(partitioning)e(y)n(our)i(driv)n(e)g(using)g Fv(fdisk)p 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b(The)21 b(LILO)h(installation)e(pro)r(cedure)f(ma)n(y)i(ha)n(v)n(e)i (failed.)35 b(In)21 b(this)h(case,)g(y)n(ou)g(should)f(either)f(b)r(o)r(ot) 460 427 y(from)g(y)n(our)h(Lin)n(ux)h(b)r(o)r(ot)d(\015opp)n(y)i(\(if)h(y)n (ou)f(ha)n(v)n(e)h(one\),)f(or)g(from)f(the)h(original)g(installation)f (media.)460 503 y(Either)15 b(of)g(these)f(should)i(pro)n(vide)f(options)g (for)g(sp)r(ecifying)f(the)h(Lin)n(ux)h(ro)r(ot)e(partition)h(to)g(use)g (when)460 578 y(b)r(o)r(oting.)25 b(Hold)19 b(do)n(wn)p 969 531 169 3 v 969 595 3 64 v 38 w Fr(shift)p 1135 595 V 969 597 169 3 v 38 w FB(or)p 1225 531 143 3 v 1225 595 3 64 v 38 w Fr(ctrl)p 1365 595 V 1225 597 143 3 v 39 w FB(at)f(b)r(o)r(ot)f(time,)i(and)f (press)p 1976 531 117 3 v 1976 595 3 64 v 37 w Fr(tab)p 2090 595 V 1976 597 117 3 v 38 w FB(from)g(the)g(b)r(o)r(ot)f(men)n(u)460 654 y(for)h(a)g(list)h(of)f(options.)283 776 y FA(\017)27 b Fx(When)g(b)r(o)r(oting)e(the)i(system)e(from)g(the)h(hard)h(driv)n(e,)h 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b(95\045)f(of)h(using)f(Lin)n(ux)h(is)h(exactly)e(lik)n(e)i(using)e(other)f (UNIX)h(systems,)g(the)g(most)f(straigh)n(tforw)n(ard)200 1725 y(w)n(a)n(y)18 b(to)f(get)g(going)f(on)h(y)n(our)h(new)f(system)e(is)j(with)f (a)h(tutorial)e(tailored)g(for)h(Lin)n(ux.)25 b(Herein)16 b(is)i(suc)n(h)f(a) g(tutorial.)283 1829 y(This)i(c)n(hapter)e(do)r(es)g(not)g(go)i(in)n(to)f(a)h (large)e(amoun)n(t)g(of)h(detail)h(or)f(co)n(v)n(er)g(man)n(y)g(adv)m(anced)f (topics.)25 b(Instead,)200 1905 y(it)c(is)f(in)n(tended)g(to)f(get)h(the)f (new)h(Lin)n(ux)h(user)e(running,)i(on)f(b)r(oth)f(feet,)h(so)g(that)f(he)h (or)g(she)g(ma)n(y)g(then)f(read)g(a)200 1981 y(more)e(general)g(b)r(o)r(ok)g (ab)r(out)g(UNIX)g(and)h(understand)e(the)h(basic)h(di\013erences)f(b)r(et)n (w)n(een)g(other)g(UNIX)g(systems)200 2056 y(and)h(Lin)n(ux.)283 2161 y(V)-5 b(ery)22 b(little)h(is)h(assumed)c(here,)j(except)f(p)r(erhaps)e (some)i(familiarit)n(y)g(with)h(p)r(ersonal)e(computer)f(systems,)200 2236 y(and)25 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b(y)n(ou'll)h(ha)n(v)n(e)g(to)f(try)f(again.)283 3329 y(Once)j(y)n(ou)h(ha)n(v)n(e)g(correctly)e(en)n(tered)g(the)h(username)e (and)i(passw)n(ord,)h(y)n(ou)g(are)f(o\016cially)i(logged)d(in)n(to)i(the)200 3405 y(system,)c(and)h(are)f(free)g(to)h(roam.)p eop %%Page: 76 91 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(3.2.)49 b(Basic)21 b(UNIX)g(Concepts)1581 b FB(76)200 108 y Fh(3.2.3)75 b(Virtual)27 b(consoles)200 248 y FB(The)d(system's)g Fx(console)h FB(is)g(the)f(monitor)e(and)i(k)n(eyb)r (oard)g(connected)e(directly)i(to)g(the)g(system.)42 b(\(Because)200 324 y(UNIX)19 b(is)i(a)f(m)n(ultiuser)f(op)r(erating)e(system,)j(y)n(ou)g(ma) n(y)g(ha)n(v)n(e)h(other)e(terminals)f(connected)f(to)j(serial)g(p)r(orts)f (on)200 399 y(y)n(our)c(system,)g(but)g(these)f(w)n(ould)h(not)g(b)r(e)f(the) h(console.\))22 b(Lin)n(ux,)17 b(lik)n(e)f(some)e(other)g(v)n(ersions)h(of)g (UNIX,)g(pro)n(vides)200 475 y(access)20 b(to)h Fx(virtual)j(consoles)f 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y(b)r(e)g(sa)n(v)n(ed)h(with)f(the)g (\014lename)f Fv(history-paper)p FB(.)25 b(These)14 b(names)g(usually)i(iden) n(tify)g(the)f(\014le)g(and)g(its)h(con)n(ten)n(ts)e(in)200 1292 y(some)j(form)g(whic)n(h)i(is)g(meaningful)e(to)h(y)n(ou.)26 b(There)17 b(is)i(no)f(standard)e(format)h(for)h(\014lenames)e(as)j(there)e (is)h(under)200 1368 y(MS-DOS)26 b(and)f(other)f(op)r(erating)f(systems;)28 b(in)f(general,)f(\014lenames)e(ma)n(y)h(con)n(tain)g(an)n(y)h(c)n(haracter)d (\(except)200 1444 y Fv(/)p FB(|see)18 b(the)f(discussion)g(of)h(pathnames,)e (b)r(elo)n(w\),)i(and)f(are)h(limited)f(to)h(256)f(c)n(haracters)f(in)i (length.)283 1548 y(With)j(the)f(concept)f(of)i(\014les)g(comes)f(the)g (concept)f(of)i(directories.)32 b(A)21 b Fx(directory)g FB(is)h(just)e(a)h (collection)f(of)200 1624 y(\014les.)28 b(It)19 b(can)f(b)r(e)g(though)n(t)g (of)h(as)g(a)g(\\folder")f(whic)n(h)h(con)n(tains)g(man)n(y)f(di\013eren)n(t) h(\014les.)27 b(Directories)18 b(themselv)n(es)200 1700 y(are)i(giv)n(en)i 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b(pathname)d(of)j(the)g(\014le)g Fv(cheat-sheet)h FB(w)n(ould)f(b)r(e)338 3035 y Fr(papers/notes/cheat-sheet) 283 3184 y FB(Therefore,)d(the)h(pathname)d(really)k(is)g(a)f(\\path")f(whic) n(h)i(y)n(ou)f(tak)n(e)h(to)f(lo)r(cate)e(a)j(certain)e(\014le.)24 b(The)16 b(directory)200 3260 y(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e)k(a)h(giv)n(en)g(sub)r (directory)c(is)k(kno)n(wn)g(as)f(the)g Fx(paren)n(t)25 b(directory)p FB(.)32 b(Here,)20 b(the)g(directory)f Fv(papers)i FB(is)g(the)200 3335 y(paren)n(t)c(of)h(the)f Fv(notes)i FB(directory)-5 b(.)p eop %%Page: 79 94 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(3.2.)49 b(Basic)21 b(UNIX)g(Concepts)1581 b FB(79)200 108 y Fh(3.2.8)75 b(The)25 b(directory)g(tree)200 248 y FB(Most)17 b(UNIX)f(systems)g(ha)n(v)n(e)h(a)h(standard)d(la)n(y)n(out) j(for)f(\014les,)h(so)f(that)g(system)f(resources)f(and)h(programs)f(can)i(b) r(e)200 324 y(easily)j(lo)r(cated.)25 b(This)20 b(la)n(y)n(out)f(forms)f(a)h (directory)f(tree,)g(whic)n(h)h(starts)f(at)g(the)h(\\)p Fv(/)p FB(")g(directory)-5 b(,)18 b(also)h(kno)n(wn)g(as)200 399 y(\\the)f(ro)r(ot)g (directory".)27 b(Directly)20 b(underneath)d Fv(/)j FB(are)e(some)g(imp)r (ortan)n(t)f(sub)r(directories:)25 b Fv(/bin)p FB(,)c Fv(/etc)p FB(,)f Fv(/dev)p FB(,)200 475 y(and)g Fv(/usr)p FB(,)i(among)c(others.)30 b(These)19 b(directories)f(in)j(turn)e(con)n(tain)h(other)f(directories)f (whic)n(h)i(con)n(tain)g(system)200 551 y(con\014guration)15 b(\014les,)k(programs,)d(and)h(so)h(on.)283 655 y(In)k(particular,)f(eac)n(h) g(user)g(has)g(a)h Fx(home)j(directory)p FB(,)e(whic)n(h)f(is)g(the)f (directory)f(set)h(aside)g(for)h(that)e(user)200 731 y(to)26 b(store)f(his)h(or)g(her)g(\014les.)48 b(In)27 b(the)e(examples)g(ab)r(o)n(v) n(e,)j(all)f(of)f(Larry's)g(\014les)g(\(suc)n(h)g(as)g Fv(cheat-sheet)h FB(and)200 806 y Fv(history-final)p FB(\))19 b(w)n(ere)g(con)n(tained)e(in)j (Larry's)e(home)f(directory)-5 b(.)26 b(Usually)-5 b(,)20 b(user)e(home)f (directories)g(are)i(con-)200 882 y(tained)f(under)f Fv(/home)p 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2404 y(The)f(command)d(w)n(ould)j(b)r(e)338 2552 y Fr(/home/larry#)28 b Fo(mor)m(e)18 b(p)m(ap)m(ers/history-\014nal)200 2701 y FB(Therefore,)23 b(if)g(y)n(ou)h(b)r(egin)e(a)i(\014lename)d(\(suc)n(h)h(as)i Fv(papers/final)p FB(\))f(with)g(a)h(c)n(haracter)c(other)i(than)h(\\)p Fv(/)p FB(",)h(the)200 2777 y(system)17 b(assumes)f(that)h(y)n(ou're)h (referring)f(to)h(the)f(\014le)i(in)f(terms)f(relativ)n(e)h(to)g(y)n(our)g (curren)n(t)f(w)n(orking)h(directory)-5 b(.)200 2852 y(This)18 b(is)h(kno)n(wn)f(as)g(a)g Fx(relativ)n(e)j(pathname)p FB(.)283 2957 y(On)26 b(the)f(other)f(hand,)j(if)g(y)n(ou)f(b)r(egin)f(a)h(\014lename) d(with)j(a)g(\\)p Fv(/)p FB(",)i(the)d(system)f(in)n(terprets)g(this)h(as)h (a)g(full)200 3033 y(pathname|that)10 b(is,)16 b(a)e(pathname)e(including)i (the)f(en)n(tire)h(path)f(to)h(the)f(\014le,)j(starting)c(from)h(the)h(ro)r (ot)e(directory)-5 b(,)200 3108 y Fv(/)p FB(.)25 b(This)18 b(is)h(kno)n(wn)f(as)g(an)g Fx(absolute)k(pathname)p FB(.)p eop %%Page: 80 95 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(3.2.)49 b(Basic)21 b(UNIX)g(Concepts)1581 b FB(80)p 250 109 161 3 v 343 728 3 620 v 344 186 67 3 v 344 264 V 344 341 V 557 341 161 3 v 650 418 3 78 v 651 419 67 3 v 344 496 V 344 574 V 344 651 V 344 729 V 507 729 161 3 v 600 2045 3 1318 v 601 823 67 3 v 601 917 V 601 1011 V 601 1105 V 601 1199 V 601 1293 V 601 1387 V 792 1387 161 3 v 885 1669 3 283 v 886 1482 67 3 v 886 1576 V 886 1670 V 601 1764 V 601 1858 V 601 1952 V 756 1952 161 3 v 601 2046 67 3 v 219 122 a(/)419 127 y(bin)419 205 y(dev)419 280 y(etc)419 359 y(home)726 354 y(larry)726 430 y(sam)419 514 y(lib)419 579 y(pro)r(c)419 662 y(tmp)419 740 y(usr)676 747 y(X386)676 841 y(bin)676 928 y(emacs)676 1027 y(etc)676 1118 y(g++-include)676 1217 y(include)676 1311 y(lib)676 1406 y(lo)r(cal)172 b(bin)961 1492 y(emacs)961 1592 y(etc)961 1688 y(lib)676 1775 y(man)676 1871 y(sp)r(o)r(ol)676 1963 y(src)922 1970 y(lin)n(ux)676 2057 y(tmp)762 2204 y(Figure)18 b(3.1:)24 b(A)18 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y(executes)d(them;)h(most)g(Lin)o(ux)g(systems)e (enable)i(either)g Fj(tcsh)e Fi(or)h Fj(bash)f Fi(for)i(new)g(user)f(accoun)o (ts.)p eop %%Page: 81 96 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(3.3.)49 b(First)21 b(Steps)h(in)n(to)f (UNIX)1570 b FB(81)283 108 y(In)19 b(addition,)f(y)n(ou)h(can)f(sp)r(ecify)f (other)g(user's)h(home)f(directories)g(with)h(the)g(tilde)h(as)f(w)n(ell.)27 b(The)18 b(pathname)200 184 y(\\)p Fv(~karl/letters)p FB(")i(translates)e(to) i(\\)p Fv(/home/karl/letters)p FB(")g(b)n(y)h(the)e(shell)h(\(if)g Fv(/home/karl)h FB(is)g(k)m(arl's)f(home)200 259 y(directory\).)39 b(The)24 b(use)f(of)g(the)g(tilde)h(is)g(simply)g(a)g(shortcut;)g(there)e(is) j(no)e(directory)f(named)g(\\)p Fv(~)p FB("|it's)i(just)200 335 y(syn)n(tactic)17 b(sugar)g(pro)n(vided)h(b)n(y)h(the)e(shell.)200 561 y Ft(3.3)92 b(First)29 b(Steps)h(in)m(to)g(UNIX)200 720 y FB(Before)20 b(w)n(e)i(b)r(egin,)g(it)f(is)h(imp)r(ortan)n(t)d(to)i(note)f 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b(history-\014nal)283 2760 y FB(No)n(w,)j(Larry)e(is)i(stuc)n (k)f(in)h(the)e Fv(papers)i FB(sub)r(directory)-5 b(.)28 b(T)-5 b(o)21 b(mo)n(v)n(e)f(bac)n(k)g(up)g(to)g(the)f(paren)n(t)g(directory)-5 b(,)20 b(use)200 2836 y(the)d(command)338 2984 y Fr(/home/larry/papers#)29 b Fo(c)m(d)19 b(..)338 3060 y Fr(/home/larry#)200 3209 y FB(\(Note)e(the)h (space)f(b)r(et)n(w)n(een)g(the)h(\\)p Fv(cd)p FB(")h(and)f(the)g(\\)p Fv(..)p FB(".\))26 b(Ev)n(ery)18 b(directory)f(has)i(an)f(en)n(try)g(named)f (\\)p Fv(..)p FB(")26 b(whic)n(h)200 3284 y(refers)20 b(to)h(the)g(paren)n(t) g(directory)-5 b(.)34 b(Similarly)-5 b(,)23 b(ev)n(ery)f(directory)e(has)h (an)h(en)n(try)f(named)f(\\)p Fv(.)p FB(")35 b(whic)n(h)22 b(refers)e(to)200 3360 y(itself.)25 b(Therefore,)16 b(the)h(command)p eop %%Page: 82 97 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(3.3.)49 b(First)21 b(Steps)h(in)n(to)f (UNIX)1570 b FB(82)338 108 y Fr(/home/larry/papers#)29 b Fo(c)m(d)19 b(.)200 256 y FB(gets)e(us)h(no)n(where.)283 361 y(Y)-5 b(ou)18 b(can)f(also)g(use)h(absolute)e(pathnames)f(in)j(the)f Fv(cd)h FB(command.)k(T)-5 b(o)18 b Fv(cd)h FB(in)n(to)e(Karl's)i(home)d(directory)-5 b(,)17 b(w)n(e)200 436 y(can)g(use)h(the)f(command)338 585 y Fr(/home/larry/papers#)29 b Fo(c)m(d)19 b(/home/karl)338 661 y Fr(/home/karl#)283 809 y FB(Also,)f(using)g Fv(cd)h FB(with)f(no)g (argumen)n(t)d(will)20 b(return)c(y)n(ou)j(to)e(y)n(our)i(o)n(wn)f(home)f (directory)-5 b(.)338 958 y Fr(/home/karl#)28 b Fo(c)m(d)338 1034 y Fr(/home/larry#)200 1272 y Fh(3.3.2)75 b(Lo)r(oking)27 b(at)e(the)g(con)n(ten)n(ts)g(of)g(directories)200 1412 y FB(No)n(w)16 b(that)f(y)n(ou)i(kno)n(w)g(ho)n(w)f(to)g(mo)n(v)n(e)g(around)f(directories)f (y)n(ou)j(probably)f(think,)h(\\So)e(what?")23 b(The)16 b(basic)g(skill)200 1488 y(of)22 b(mo)n(ving)g(around)e(directories)g(is)j(fairly)f(useless,)h (so)f(let's)g(in)n(tro)r(duce)e(a)i(new)g(command,)e Fv(ls)p FB(.)37 b Fv(ls)23 b FB(prin)n(ts)e(a)200 1564 y(listing)d(of)g(\014les)g 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FB(ma)n(y)g(also)g(app)r(end)e(\\)p Fv(*)p FB(")h(to)h(the)f(end)g(of)h(a)g(\014lename.)34 b(This)23 b(indicates)d(that) h(the)g(\014le)h(is)h(an)200 3140 y Fx(executable)p FB(,)e(or)f(a)f(program)e (whic)n(h)j(can)f(b)r(e)g(run.)29 b(If)20 b(nothing)e(is)i(app)r(ended)d(to)i (the)g(\014lename)f(using)h Fv(ls)30 b(-F)p FB(,)200 3215 y(the)17 b(\014le)h(is)h(a)f(\\plain)g(old)h(\014le",)f(that)f(is,)i(it's)f(neither)f (a)h(directory)-5 b(,)17 b(or)h(an)g(executable.)283 3320 y(In)g(general,)f (eac)n(h)g(UNIX)g(command)e(ma)n(y)i(tak)n(e)h(a)g(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)e(of)i (options)e(in)j(addition)e(to)g(other)g(argumen)n(ts.)200 3395 y(These)g(options)g(usually)i(b)r(egin)e(with)h(a)g(\\)p Fv(-)p FB(",)h(as)f(demonstrate)o(d)d(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e)j(with)g Fv(ls)29 b(-F)p FB(.)19 b(The)f Fv(-F)g FB(option)g(tells)g Fv(ls)p eop %%Page: 83 98 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(3.3.)49 b(First)21 b(Steps)h(in)n(to)f (UNIX)1570 b FB(83)200 108 y(to)20 b(giv)n(e)g(more)f(information)e(ab)r(out) 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y(csh.cshrc)185 b(init)314 b(mtools)263 b(rc4.d)288 b(syslog.pid)338 1601 y(csh.login)185 b(init.d)262 b(pac)341 b(rc5.d)288 b(syslogd.reload)338 1670 y(default)237 b(initrunlvl)158 b(passwd)263 b(rmt)340 b(termcap)338 1739 y(disktab)237 b(inittab)f(printcap)211 b(rpc)340 b(umount)338 1809 y(fdprm)289 b(inittab.old)132 b(profile)237 b(rpcinfo)f(update)338 1878 y(fstab)289 b(issue)f(psdatabase)159 b(securetty)184 b(utmp)338 1948 y(ftpaccess)h(lilo)314 b(rc)367 b(services)210 b(wtmp)338 2017 y(/home/larry#)283 2158 y FB(\(F)-5 b(or)20 b(those)f(MS-DOS)h(users)f (out)g(there,)h(notice)f(ho)n(w)h(the)f(\014lenames)f(can)i(b)r(e)f(longer)g (than)g(8)i(c)n(haracters,)200 2233 y(and)j(can)f(con)n(tain)h(p)r(erio)r(ds) e(in)i(an)n(y)h(p)r(osition.)42 b(It)24 b(is)g(ev)n(en)g(p)r(ossible)g(to)f (ha)n(v)n(e)i(more)e(than)g(one)g(p)r(erio)r(d)g(in)h(a)200 2309 y(\014lename.\))283 2413 y(Let's)16 b Fv(cd)i FB(up)e(to)h(the)f(top)g (of)h(the)f(directory)g(tree,)g(using)g(\\)p Fv(cd)29 b(..)p 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FB(In)e(case)f(y)n(ou're)h(in)n(terested)e(what)h Fv(shells)i FB(con)n(tains,)e(it's)i(a)f(list)g(of)g(v)m(alid)g(shell)g (programs)e(on)h(y)n(our)i(system.)200 2539 y(On)e(most)f(systems,)g(this)h (includes)g Fv(/bin/sh)p FB(,)h Fv(/bin/bash)p FB(,)h(and)e Fv(/bin/csh)p FB(.)24 b(W)-5 b(e'll)17 b(talk)e(ab)r(out)e(these)h (di\013eren)n(t)200 2615 y(t)n(yp)r(es)j(of)h(shells)h(later.)283 2719 y(While)f(using)g Fv(more)p FB(,)g(press)p 877 2672 169 3 v 877 2747 3 75 v 36 w Fr(Space)p 1043 2747 V 877 2749 169 3 v 38 w FB(to)f(displa)n(y)h(the)f(next)g(page)g(of)h(text,)f(and)p 1967 2672 64 3 v 1967 2736 3 64 v 36 w Fr(b)p 2028 2736 V 1967 2738 64 3 v 37 w FB(to)h(displa)n(y)g(the)f(previous)200 2795 y(page.)31 b(There)20 b(are)g(other)f(commands)e(a)n(v)m(ailable)22 b(in)f Fv(more)g FB(as)f(w)n(ell,)j(these)c(are)h(just)g(the)g(basics.)32 b(Pressing)p 2536 2757 V 2536 2822 3 66 v 38 w Fr(q)p 2598 2822 V 2536 2824 64 3 v 200 2870 a FB(will)20 b(quit)e Fv(more)p FB(.)283 2975 y(Quit)i Fv(more)g FB(and)e(try)i Fv(cat)29 b(/etc/termcap)p FB(.)h(The)19 b(text)f(will)j(probably)e(\015y)h(b)n(y)g(m)n(uc)n(h)f(to)r(o) f(quic)n(kly)j(for)e(y)n(ou)200 3050 y(to)d(read)g(it.)24 b(The)17 b(name)e(\\)p Fv(cat)p FB(")h(actually)h(stands)e(for)h(\\concatenate",)d (whic)n(h)k(is)g(the)f(real)h(use)f(of)g(the)g(program.)200 3126 y(The)21 b Fv(cat)h FB(command)d(can)i(b)r(e)f(used)h(to)g(concatenate)d (the)j(con)n(ten)n(ts)f(of)h(sev)n(eral)h(\014les)f(and)g(sa)n(v)n(e)h(the)f (result)g(to)200 3202 y(another)16 b(\014le.)25 b(This)18 b(will)i(b)r(e)d (discussed)g(later.)p eop %%Page: 86 101 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(3.4.)49 b(Summary)19 b(of)j(Basic)f (Commands)1355 b FB(86)200 108 y Fh(3.3.8)75 b(Getting)26 b(online)g(help)200 248 y FB(Almost)16 b(ev)n(ery)i(UNIX)f(system,)g(Lin)n(ux)h(included,)g(pro)n (vides)f(a)h(facilit)n(y)h(kno)n(wn)f(as)g(\\man)n(ual)e(pages",)h(or)h (\\man)200 324 y(pages")25 b(for)g(short.)48 b(These)25 b(man)g(pages)g(con)n 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b(Ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)21 b(man)f(pages)g(can)g(b)r(e)200 1208 y(an)e(in)n(v)m(aluable)g(resource)e (for)i(jogging)f(y)n(our)h(memory)e(if)j(y)n(ou)f(forget)f(the)g(syn)n(tax)h (of)g(a)g(command.)k(Man)17 b(pages)200 1284 y(will)j(also)e(tell)g(y)n(ou)g (a)h(lot)f(ab)r(out)e(the)h(commands)e(whic)n(h)k(w)n(e)f(w)n(on't)g(tell)h (y)n(ou)f(in)h(this)f(b)r(o)r(ok.)283 1388 y(I)f(suggest)f(that)g(y)n(ou)h (try)g Fv(man)h FB(for)f(the)f(commands)e(w)n(e'v)n(e)k(already)f(gone)f(o)n (v)n(er,)i(and)f(whenev)n(er)f(I)h(in)n(tro)r(duce)200 1464 y(a)j(new)f(command.)27 b(Y)-5 b(ou'll)21 b(notice)e(some)f(of)i(these)f (commands)d(w)n(on't)k(ha)n(v)n(e)h(man)d(pages.)29 b(This)20 b(could)g(b)r(e)f(for)200 1539 y(sev)n(eral)c(reasons.)22 b(F)-5 b(or)16 b(one,)f(the)g(man)f(pages)g(ha)n(v)n(en't)h(b)r(een)f(written)g(y)n (et)i(\(the)e(Lin)n(ux)h(Do)r(cumen)n(tation)d(Pro)s(ject)200 1615 y(is)19 b(resp)r(onsible)e(for)i(man)f(pages)f(under)h(Lin)n(ux)h(as)g (w)n(ell.)28 b(W)-5 b(e)19 b(are)f(gradually)h(accum)n(ulating)d(most)i(of)g (the)g(man)200 1691 y(pages)h(a)n(v)m(ailable)i(for)f(the)g(system\).)30 b(Secondly)-5 b(,)21 b(the)e(the)h(command)e(migh)n(t)h(b)r(e)h(an)g(in)n (ternal)g(shell)h(command,)200 1767 y(or)f(an)f(alias)i(\(as)e(discussed)g (in)h(Section)f(3.2.4\),)h(in)h(whic)n(h)f(case)f(it)h(w)n(ould)g(not)g(ha)n (v)n(e)g(a)g(man)f(page)g(of)h(its)g(o)n(wn.)200 1842 y(One)g(example)e(is)j Fv(cd)p FB(,)g(whic)n(h)f(is)h(a)f(shell)g(in)n(ternal)f(command.)28 b(The)19 b(shell)i(actually)e(pro)r(cesses)e(the)i Fv(cd)p FB(|there)200 1918 y(is)g(no)f(separate)d(program)h(whic)n(h)i(con)n(tains)f (this)h(command.)200 2144 y Ft(3.4)92 b(Summary)31 b(of)f(Basic)g(Commands) 200 2303 y FB(This)16 b(section)f(in)n(tro)r(duces)e(some)i(of)g(the)g(most)g (useful)g(basic)g(commands)e(on)j(a)f(UNIX)g(system,)g(including)h(those)200 2378 y(co)n(v)n(ered)h(in)i(the)e(last)h(section.)283 2483 y(Note)c(that)g(options)h(usually)g(b)r(egin)g(with)g(a)g(\\)p Fv(-)p 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335 y(the)f(paren)n(t)g(directory)-5 b(.\))600 411 y(Example:)23 b Fv(cd)30 b(../foo)18 b FB(sets)g(the)f(curren)n (t)f(directory)h(to)h Fv(../foo)p FB(.)200 534 y Fv(ls)342 b FB(Displa)n(ys)19 b(information)d(ab)r(out)h(the)g(named)f(\014les)i(and)g (directories.)600 610 y(Syn)n(tax:)25 b Fv(ls)k FA(h)p Fp(\014le1)p FA(i)e(h)p Fp(\014le2)p FA(i)h Fw(:)9 b(:)g(:)i FA(h)p Fp(\014leN)p FA(i)600 685 y FB(Where)i FA(h)p Fp(\014le1)p FA(i)h FB(through)f FA(h)p Fp(\014leN)p FA(i)g FB(are)h(the)g(\014lenames)e(or)j(directories)d (to)i(list.)24 b(Options:)e(There)600 761 y(are)d(more)e(options)i(than)f(y)n (ou)i(w)n(an)n(t)g(to)e(think)i(ab)r(out.)26 b(The)19 b(most)f(commonly)g (used)g(are)h Fv(-F)600 837 y FB(\(used)14 b(to)g(displa)n(y)i(some)d (information)g(ab)r(out)g(the)h(t)n(yp)r(e)g(of)h(the)f(\014le\),)h(and)f Fv(-l)i FB(\(giv)n(es)e(a)h(\\long")600 913 y(listing)23 b(including)f (\014le)h(size,)g(o)n(wner,)h(p)r(ermissions,)d(and)i(so)f(on.)38 b(This)22 b(will)i(b)r(e)e(co)n(v)n(ered)g(in)600 988 y(detail)c(later.\))600 1064 y(Example:)73 b Fv(ls)30 b(-lF)f(/home/larry)44 b FB(will)h(displa)n(y)e (the)g(con)n(ten)n(ts)e(of)j(the)e(directory)600 1140 y Fv(/home/larry)p FB(.)200 1263 y Fv(cp)342 b FB(Copies)18 b(\014le\(s\))f(to)g(another)f (\014le)j(or)e(directory)-5 b(.)600 1339 y(Syn)n(tax:)25 b Fv(cp)k FA(h)p Fp(\014le1)p FA(i)e(h)p Fp(\014le2)p FA(i)h Fw(:)9 b(:)g(:)i FA(h)p Fp(\014leN)p FA(i)27 b(h)p Fp(destination)p FA(i)600 1415 y FB(Where)17 b FA(h)p Fp(\014le1)p FA(i)f FB(through)g FA(h)p Fp(\014leN)p FA(i)g FB(are)h(the)g(\014les)h(to)f(cop)n(y)-5 b(,)19 b(and)e FA(h)p Fp(destination)p FA(i)e FB(is)j(the)f(destina-)600 1490 y(tion)h(\014le)g(or)g(directory)-5 b(.)600 1566 y(Example:)23 b Fv(cp)30 b(../frog)f(joe)19 b FB(copies)e(the)g(\014le)h Fv(../frog)h FB(to)f(the)f(\014le)h(or)g(directory)f Fv(joe)p FB(.)200 1689 y Fv(mv)342 b FB(Mo)n(v)n(es)21 b(\014le\(s\))f(to)h(another)e (\014le)i(or)g(directory)-5 b(.)32 b(This)21 b(command)d(do)r(es)i(the)h (equiv)m(alen)n(t)f(of)h(a)600 1765 y(cop)n(y)f(follo)n(w)n(ed)g(b)n(y)h(the) e(deletion)g(of)g(the)g(original.)30 b(This)20 b(can)f(b)r(e)g(used)g(to)g (rename)f(\014les,)i(as)600 1841 y(in)f(the)e(MS-DOS)h(command)d Fv(RENAME)p FB(.)600 1917 y(Syn)n(tax:)25 b Fv(mv)k FA(h)p Fp(\014le1)p FA(i)e(h)p Fp(\014le2)p FA(i)h Fw(:)9 b(:)g(:)i FA(h)p Fp(\014leN)p FA(i)27 b(h)p Fp(destination)p FA(i)600 1992 y FB(Where)20 b FA(h)p Fp(\014le1)p FA(i)f FB(through)g FA(h)p Fp(\014leN)p FA(i)g FB(are)h(the)g(\014les)h(to)f(mo)n(v)n(e,)i(and)e FA(h)p Fp(destination)p FA(i)e FB(is)k(the)d(desti-)600 2068 y(nation)e(\014le)h(or)g(directory)-5 b(.)600 2144 y(Example:)23 b Fv(mv)30 b(../frog)f(joe)19 b FB(mo)n(v)n(es)e(the)h(\014le)g Fv(../frog)h FB(to)e(the)h(\014le)g(or)g(directory)e Fv(joe)p FB(.)200 2267 y Fv(rm)342 b FB(Deletes)17 b(\014les.)25 b(Note)16 b(that)h(when)h(\014les)f(are)h(deleted)e(under)h(UNIX,)g(they)h(are)f (unreco)n(v)n(erable)600 2343 y(\(unlik)n(e)h(MS-DOS,)h(where)e(y)n(ou)i(can) e(usually)i(\\undelete")d(the)h(\014le\).)600 2418 y(Syn)n(tax:)25 b Fv(rm)k FA(h)p Fp(\014le1)p FA(i)e(h)p Fp(\014le2)p FA(i)h Fw(:)9 b(:)g(:)i FA(h)p Fp(\014leN)p FA(i)600 2494 y FB(Where)17 b FA(h)p Fp(\014le1)p FA(i)g FB(through)f FA(h)p Fp(\014leN)p FA(i)h FB(are)g(the)h(\014lenames)e(to)h(delete.)600 2570 y(Options:)24 b Fv(-i)18 b FB(will)i(prompt)c(for)i(con\014rmation)d(b)r(efore)h(deleting)h (the)g(\014le.)600 2646 y(Example:)36 b Fv(rm)29 b(-i)g(/home/larry/joe)h (/home/larry/frog)25 b FB(deletes)e(the)h(\014les)g Fv(joe)h FB(and)600 2721 y Fv(frog)19 b FB(in)f Fv(/home/larry)p FB(.)200 2845 y Fv(mkdir)255 b FB(Creates)16 b(new)i(directories.)600 2920 y(Syn)n(tax:)25 b Fv(mkdir)k FA(h)p Fp(dir1)p FA(i)e(h)p Fp(dir2)p FA(i)h Fw(:)9 b(:)g(:)i FA(h)p Fp(dirN)p FA(i)600 2996 y FB(Where)17 b FA(h)p Fp(dir1)p FA(i)g FB(through)f FA(h)p Fp(dirN)p FA(i)h FB(are)g(the)h(directories)e(to)h(create.)600 3072 y(Example:)110 b Fv(mkdir)29 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b(an)g(example,)g(b)r(ecause)d (Larry)j(created)200 1938 y(the)j(\014les)h(in)h(his)f(home)f(directory)-5 b(,)17 b(Larry)g(o)n(wns)i(those)d(\014les,)j(and)e(has)h(access)f(to)g (them.)283 2043 y(UNIX)j(also)g(allo)n(ws)i(\014les)e(to)g(b)r(e)g(shared)g (b)r(et)n(w)n(een)f(users)h(and)g(groups)f(of)i(users.)32 b(If)21 b(Larry)e(so)i(desired,)g(he)200 2118 y(could)14 b(cut)g(o\013)h(access)e(to) h(his)g(\014les,)i(suc)n(h)e(that)f(no)i(other)e(user)g(could)h(access)f (them.)22 b(Ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)16 b(on)e(most)f(systems)200 2194 y(the)k(default)g(is)i(to)f(allo)n(w)h(other)d(users)h(to)h(read)f(y)n (our)h(\014les,)h(but)e(not)h(mo)r(dify)f(or)h(delete)e(them)h(in)h(an)n(y)h (w)n(a)n(y)-5 b(.)283 2298 y(As)18 b(explained)g(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e,)h(ev)n(ery)g (\014le)f(is)h(o)n(wned)f(b)n(y)i(a)e(particular)f(user.)25 b(Ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)19 b(\014les)g(are)f(also)g(o)n(wned)g(b)n(y)h(a)200 2374 y(particular)g Fx(group)p FB(,)j(whic)n(h)e(is)h(a)f(system-de\014ned)d (group)i(of)i(users.)30 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(divisions:)28 b(read,)19 b(write,)h(and)f(execute.)27 b(These)19 b(p)r(ermissions)e(ma)n(y)i(b)r(e)200 3037 y(gran)n(ted)f(to)i(three)e (classes)h(of)h(users:)27 b(the)19 b(o)n(wner)g(of)h(the)f(\014le,)i(the)e (group)g(to)g(whic)n(h)h(the)f(\014le)h(b)r(elongs,)f(and)h(to)200 3113 y(all)f(users,)e(regardless)g(of)h(group.)283 3217 y(Read)e(p)r (ermission)e(allo)n(ws)j(a)g(user)e(to)h(read)g(the)g(con)n(ten)n(ts)f(of)h (the)g(\014le,)h(or)f(in)h(the)f(case)f(of)i(directories,)e(to)h(list)200 3293 y(the)e(con)n(ten)n(ts)g(of)h(the)f(directory)g(\(using)g Fv(ls)p FB(\).)24 b(W)-5 b(rite)15 b(p)r(ermission)e(allo)n(ws)j(the)e(user)g (to)h(write)g(to)f(and)h(mo)r(dify)f(the)200 3368 y(\014le.)32 b(F)-5 b(or)21 b(directories,)e(write)h(p)r(ermission)e(allo)n(ws)k(the)d (user)h(to)g(create)f(new)h(\014les)g(or)g(delete)g(\014les)g(within)h(that)p eop %%Page: 100 115 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(3.9.)49 b(File)20 b(P)n(ermissions)1714 b FB(100)200 108 y(directory)-5 b(.)24 b(Finally)-5 b(,)21 b(execute)16 b(p)r(ermission)g(allo)n(ws)k(the)d(user)h(to)g(run)f(the)h (\014le)g(as)h(a)f(program)e(or)i(shell)h(script)e(\(if)200 184 y(the)g(\014le)g(happ)r(ens)e(to)i(b)r(e)g(a)g(program)e(or)i(shell)g (script,)g(that)g(is\).)24 b(F)-5 b(or)18 b(directories,)d(ha)n(ving)j (execute)d(p)r(ermission)200 259 y(allo)n(ws)k(the)e(user)g(to)h Fv(cd)h FB(in)n(to)f(the)f(directory)g(in)h(question.)200 450 y Fh(3.9.2)75 b(In)n(terpreting)24 b(\014le)h(p)r(ermissions)200 591 y FB(Let's)15 b(lo)r(ok)g(at)g(an)g(example)f(to)h(demonstrate)c(\014le) 16 b(p)r(ermissions.)21 b(Using)15 b(the)f Fv(ls)i FB(command)d(with)i(the)f Fv(-l)i FB(option)200 666 y(will)k(displa)n(y)e(a)h(\\long")e(listing)h(of)g (the)g(\014le,)g(including)g(\014le)g(p)r(ermissions.)338 794 y Fr(/home/larry/foo#)29 b Fo(ls)18 b(-l)h(stu\013)338 912 y Fr(-rw-r--r--)80 b(1)27 b(larry)105 b(users)236 b(505)27 b(Mar)f(13)h(19:05)g(stuff)338 1036 y(/home/larry/foo#)283 1170 y FB(The)19 b(\014rst)f(\014eld)h(prin)n(ted)g(in)g(the)g(listing)g (represen)n(ts)e(the)h(\014le)i(p)r(ermissions.)25 b(The)19 b(third)g(\014eld)g(is)g(the)g(o)n(wner)200 1246 y(of)h(the)g(\014le)g(\()p Fv(larry)p FB(\),)h(and)f(the)f(fourth)g(\014eld)h(is)h(the)f(group)f(to)h (whic)n(h)g(the)g(\014le)g(b)r(elongs)f(\()p Fv(users)p FB(\).)31 b(Ob)n(viously)-5 b(,)200 1321 y(the)17 b(last)h(\014eld)g(is)h(the)e(name)g (of)h(the)f(\014le)h(\()p Fv(stuff)p FB(\),)g(and)g(w)n(e'll)i(co)n(v)n(er)e (the)f(other)g(\014elds)g(later.)283 1426 y(This)i(\014le)f(is)h(o)n(wned)f (b)n(y)h Fv(larry)p FB(,)g(and)f(b)r(elongs)f(to)h(the)f(group)h Fv(users)p FB(.)26 b(Let's)17 b(lo)r(ok)h(at)g(the)g(\014le)g(p)r (ermissions.)200 1501 y(The)i(string)f Fv(-rw-r--r--)i FB(lists,)g(in)f (order,)f(the)h(p)r(ermissions)d(gran)n(ted)i(to)g(the)g(\014le's)h(o)n (wner,)h(the)e(\014le's)h(group,)200 1577 y(and)e(ev)n(eryb)r(o)r(dy)e(else.) 283 1681 y(The)i(\014rst)g(c)n(haracter)e(of)j(the)f(p)r(ermissions)e(string) i(\(\\)p Fv(-)p FB("\))g(represen)n(ts)e(the)i(t)n(yp)r(e)g(of)h(\014le.)26 b(A)19 b(\\)p Fv(-)p FB(")f(just)g(means)200 1757 y(that)d(this)h(is)h(a)f (regular)f(\014le)h(\(as)g(opp)r(osed)e(to)i(a)g(directory)e(or)i(device)g (driv)n(er\).)24 b(The)15 b(next)h(three)f(letters)f(\(\\)p Fv(rw-)p FB("\))200 1833 y(represen)n(t)g(the)i(p)r(ermissions)e(gran)n(ted)h (to)h(the)g(\014le's)g(o)n(wner,)h Fv(larry)p FB(.)25 b(The)16 b(\\)p Fv(r)p FB(")g(stands)f(for)h(\\read")f(and)h(the)g(\\)p Fv(w)p FB(")200 1909 y(stands)h(for)h(\\write".)23 b(Th)n(us,)c Fv(larry)f FB(has)g(read)f(and)h(write)f(p)r(ermission)f(to)i(the)f(\014le)i Fv(stuff)p FB(.)283 2013 y(As)29 b(w)n(e)h(men)n(tioned,)g(b)r(esides)e(read) h(and)g(write)g(p)r(ermission,)h(there)e(is)i(also)f(\\execute")e(p)r (ermission|)200 2089 y(represen)n(ted)21 b(b)n(y)k(an)e(\\)p Fv(x)p FB(".)42 b(Ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)25 b(there)e(is)h(a)g(\\)p Fv(-)p FB(")f(here)g(in)i(place)e(of)h(the)f(\\)p Fv(x)p FB(",)i(so)f(Larry)f (do)r(esn't)f(ha)n(v)n(e)200 2164 y(execute)c(p)r(ermission)f(on)i(this)h (\014le.)28 b(This)20 b(is)g(\014ne,)g(the)e(\014le)i Fv(stuff)g FB(isn't)g(a)f(program)e(of)j(an)n(y)g(kind.)29 b(Of)19 b(course,)200 2240 y(b)r(ecause)g(Larry)i(o)n(wns)h(the)f(\014le,)i(he)f(ma)n(y)g(gran)n(t) e(himself)h(execute)g(p)r(ermission)e(for)j(the)f(\014le)g(if)i(he)e(so)h (desires.)200 2316 y(This)c(will)i(b)r(e)d(co)n(v)n(ered)h(shortly)-5 b(.)283 2420 y(The)19 b(next)f(three)g(c)n(haracters,)f Fv(r--)p FB(,)k(represen)n(t)c(the)h(group's)g(p)r(ermissions)f(on)i(the)f(\014le.)28 b(The)19 b(group)f(whic)n(h)200 2496 y(o)n(wns)23 b(this)g(\014le)f(is)i Fv(users)p FB(.)39 b(Because)22 b(only)h(an)g(\\)p Fv(r)p FB(")f(app)r(ears)f (here,)i(an)n(y)h(user)e(whic)n(h)h(b)r(elongs)e(to)h(the)g(group)200 2571 y Fv(users)d FB(ma)n(y)f(read)f(this)h(\014le.)283 2676 y(The)f(last)f(three)g(c)n(haracters,)f(also)h Fv(r--)p FB(,)i(represen)n(t)d (the)h(p)r(ermissions)f(gran)n(ted)g(to)i(ev)n(ery)g(other)e(user)h(on)h(the) 200 2751 y(system)e(\(other)g(than)h(the)g(o)n(wner)g(of)h(the)e(\014le)i (and)f(those)g(in)h(the)f(group)g Fv(users)p FB(\).)24 b(Again,)17 b(b)r(ecause)d(only)j(an)g(\\)p Fv(r)p FB(")200 2827 y(is)i(presen)n(t,)e (other)f(users)h(ma)n(y)h(read)g(the)f(\014le,)h(but)g(not)f(write)h(to)g(it) g(or)g(execute)e(it.)283 2931 y(Here)h(are)g(some)g(other)g(examples)f(of)i (group)f(p)r(ermissions.)200 3072 y Fv(-rwxr-xr-x)110 b FB(The)15 b(o)n(wner)g(of)g(the)g(\014le)g(ma)n(y)h(read,)f(write,)h(and)f(execute)e (the)i(\014le.)24 b(Users)14 b(in)i(the)e(\014le's)i(group,)600 3147 y(and)i(all)g(other)f(users,)h(ma)n(y)g(read)f(and)g(execute)g(the)g (\014le.)200 3271 y Fv(-rw-------)110 b FB(The)17 b(o)n(wner)f(of)h(the)f (\014le)i(ma)n(y)e(read)h(and)f(write)h(the)f(\014le.)24 b(No)17 b(other)e(user)i(can)f(access)g(the)g(\014le.)200 3394 y Fv(-rwxrwxrwx)110 b FB(All)19 b(users)e(ma)n(y)h(read,)f(write,)h(and)g(execute)e(the)i (\014le.)p eop %%Page: 101 116 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(3.9.)49 b(File)20 b(P)n(ermissions)1714 b FB(101)200 108 y Fh(3.9.3)75 b(Dep)r(endencies)200 248 y FB(It)18 b(is)h(imp)r(ortan)n(t)c(to)j(note)f(that)g(the)h(p)r(ermissions)e (gran)n(ted)g(to)i(a)g(\014le)g(also)g(dep)r(end)f(on)h(the)f(p)r(ermissions) f(of)i(the)200 324 y(directory)h(in)h(whic)n(h)h(the)e(\014le)i(is)g(lo)r (cated.)29 b(F)-5 b(or)20 b(example,)g(ev)n(en)h(if)f(a)h(\014le)f(is)h(set)f (to)f Fv(-rwxrwxrwx)p FB(,)j(other)d(users)200 399 y(cannot)i(access)g(the)g (\014le)i(unless)f(they)g(ha)n(v)n(e)h(read)e(and)h(execute)f(access)g(to)h (the)g(directory)f(in)i(whic)n(h)g(the)e(\014le)200 475 y(is)i(lo)r(cated.)37 b(F)-5 b(or)23 b(example,)g(if)g(Larry)f(w)n(an)n(ted)g(to)h(restrict)e (access)g(to)h(all)i(of)e(his)h(\014les,)i(he)d(could)g(simply)h(set)200 551 y(the)18 b(p)r(ermissions)e(on)i(his)h(home)d(directory)h Fv(/home/larry)j FB(to)e Fv(-rwx------)p FB(.)26 b(In)18 b(this)h(w)n(a)n(y) -5 b(,)20 b(no)e(other)f(user)h(has)200 626 y(access)d(to)i(his)g(directory) -5 b(,)16 b(and)h(all)h(\014les)e(and)h(directories)e(within)i(it.)24 b(Larry)16 b(do)r(esn't)g(need)g(to)g(w)n(orry)h(ab)r(out)e(the)200 702 y(individual)k(p)r(ermissions)d(on)i(eac)n(h)f(of)h(his)g(\014les.)283 806 y(In)i(other)f(w)n(ords,)h(to)g(access)e(a)i(\014le)g(at)f(all,)j(y)n(ou) e(m)n(ust)f(ha)n(v)n(e)i(execute)d(access)g(to)i(all)h(directories)d(along)h (the)200 882 y(\014le's)f(pathname,)e(and)i(read)f(\(or)g(execute\))f(access) h(to)g(the)h(\014le)g(itself.)283 986 y(Usually)-5 b(,)24 b(users)d(on)h(a)g (UNIX)f(system)f(are)h(v)n(ery)i(op)r(en)e(with)g(their)h(\014les.)36 b(The)22 b(usual)f(set)h(of)g(p)r(ermissions)200 1062 y(giv)n(en)e(to)f (\014les)g(is)h Fv(-rw-r--r--)p FB(,)i(whic)n(h)d(will)i(allo)n(w)g(other)d (users)g(to)h(read)g(the)g(\014le,)h(but)f(not)g(c)n(hange)f(it)i(in)g(an)n (y)200 1138 y(w)n(a)n(y)-5 b(.)32 b(The)20 b(usual)f(set)h(of)g(p)r (ermissions)d(giv)n(en)k(to)f(directories)e(is)i Fv(-rwxr-xr-x)p FB(,)i(whic)n(h)e(will)i(allo)n(w)f(other)d(users)200 1214 y(to)g(lo)r(ok)g(through)e(y)n(our)i(directories,)f(but)g(not)g(create)g(or)g (delete)g(\014les)h(within)g(them.)283 1318 y(Ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)g(man)n(y)g (users)e(wish)i(to)g(k)n(eep)g(other)e(users)h(out)g(of)g(their)h(\014les.)24 b(Setting)16 b(the)h(p)r(ermissions)f(of)h(a)h(\014le)200 1394 y(to)h Fv(-rw-------)g FB(will)i(not)d(allo)n(w)i(an)n(y)g(other)d(user)h(to) h(access)e(the)i(\014le.)27 b(Lik)n(ewise,)20 b(setting)d(the)i(p)r (ermissions)d(of)200 1469 y(a)i(directory)f(to)g Fv(-rwx------)i FB(will)h(k)n(eep)e(other)f(users)g(out)g(of)h(the)g(directory)e(in)j (question.)200 1662 y Fh(3.9.4)75 b(Changing)26 b(p)r(ermissions)200 1802 y FB(The)19 b(command)e Fv(chmod)j FB(is)g(used)f(to)g(set)g(the)g(p)r (ermissions)e(on)i(a)h(\014le.)29 b(Only)20 b(the)f(o)n(wner)g(of)h(a)f (\014le)h(ma)n(y)f(c)n(hange)200 1878 y(the)e(p)r(ermissions)f(on)i(that)f (\014le.)25 b(The)17 b(syn)n(tax)h(of)h Fv(chmod)f FB(is:)338 2017 y Fr(chmod)27 b Fg(f)p Fr(a,u,g,o)p Fg(gf)p Fr(+,-)p Fg(gf)p Fr(r,w,x)p Fg(g)f(h)p Ff(\014lenames)p Fg(i)283 2157 y FB(Brie\015y)-5 b(,)19 b(y)n(ou)g(supply)f(one)g(or)g(more)f(of)h Fx(a)p FB(ll,)i Fx(u)p FB(ser,)e Fx(g)p FB(roup,)g(or)g Fx(o)p FB(ther.)24 b(Then)18 b(y)n(ou)g(sp)r(ecify)g(whether)e(y)n(ou)j(are)200 2232 y(adding)j(righ)n(ts)g(\()p Fv(+)p FB(\))g(or)h(taking)f(them)f(a)n(w)n (a)n(y)j(\()p Fv(-)p FB(\).)37 b(Finally)-5 b(,)26 b(y)n(ou)d(sp)r(ecify)f (one)g(or)g(more)f(of)i Fx(r)p FB(ead,)g Fx(w)p FB(rite,)h(and)200 2308 y(e)p Fx(x)p FB(ecute.)e(Some)17 b(examples)f(of)i(legal)h(commands)c (are:)200 2457 y Fv(chmod)29 b(a+r)h(stuff)600 2533 y FB(Giv)n(es)19 b(all)g(users)e(read)h(access)e(to)i(the)f(\014le.)200 2656 y Fv(chmod)29 b(+r)h(stuff)600 2732 y FB(Same)17 b(as)h(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e|if)g (none)f(of)h Fv(a)p FB(,)h Fv(u)p FB(,)g Fv(g)p FB(,)g(or)f Fv(o)g 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b(a)i(susp)r(ended)e(job)i(will)h(not)f(c)n(hange)e(the)i(state)e(of)i(the)g (job)f(in)i(an)n(y)200 846 y(w)n(a)n(y|the)g(job)g(will)i(con)n(tin)n(ue)d (to)h(run)f(where)g(it)i(left)f(o\013.)283 951 y(Note)i(that)h(susp)r(ending) e(a)j(job)f(is)h(not)f(equal)g(to)g Fu(interrupting)30 b FB(a)21 b(job.)35 b(When)21 b(y)n(ou)h(in)n(terrupt)e(a)h(running)200 1026 y(pro)r(cess)g(\(b)n(y)j(hitting)f(y)n(our)h(in)n(terrupt)e(k)n(ey)-5 b(,)26 b(whic)n(h)e(is)g(usually)p 1599 979 195 3 v 1599 1043 3 64 v 42 w Fr(ctrl-C)p 1791 1043 V 1599 1045 195 3 v 20 w FB(\))1815 1006 y Fl(5)1840 1026 y FB(,)h(it)f(kills)h(the)e(pro)r(cess,)g (for)g(go)r(o)r(d.)200 1102 y(Once)16 b(the)g(job)h(is)g(killed,)h(there's)e (no)h(hop)r(e)e(of)i(resuming)e(it;)j(y)n(ou'll)g(ha)n(v)n(e)f(to)g(re-run)f (the)g(command.)21 b(Also)16 b(note)200 1178 y(that)f(some)f(programs)g(trap) h(the)g(in)n(terrupt,)g(so)h(that)f(hitting)p 1519 1131 V 1519 1194 3 64 v 34 w Fr(ctrl-C)p 1711 1194 V 1519 1196 195 3 v 36 w 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y Fr(/home/larry#)28 b Fo(yes)338 2220 y Fr(y)338 2295 y(y)338 2371 y(y)338 2447 y(y)338 2522 y(y)200 2671 y FB(The)19 b Fv(y)p FB('s)g(will)h(con)n(tin)n(ue)f Fu(ad)i(in\014nitum)p FB(.)28 b(Y)-5 b(ou)18 b(can)g(kill)j(the)d(pro)r(cess) f(b)n(y)i(hitting)g(y)n(our)g(in)n(terrupt)e(k)n(ey)-5 b(,)21 b(whic)n(h)e(is)200 2747 y(usually)p 388 2700 V 388 2763 3 64 v 36 w Fr(ctrl-C)p 580 2763 V 388 2765 195 3 v 20 w FB(.)24 b(So)17 b(that)e(w)n(e)i(don't)f(ha)n(v)n(e)i(to)e(put)g(up)g(with)h(the)f (anno)n(ying)g(stream)f(of)i Fv(y)p FB('s,)h(let's)e(redirect)f(the)200 2822 y(standard)g(output)g(of)h Fv(yes)h FB(to)g Fv(/dev/null)p FB(.)25 b(As)16 b(y)n(ou)h(ma)n(y)g(remem)n(b)r(er,)c Fv(/dev/null)18 b FB(acts)e(as)g(a)h(\\blac)n(k)g(hole")f(for)200 2898 y(data.)30 b(An)n(y)21 b(data)e(sen)n(t)h(to)g(it)g(will)i(disapp)r(ear.)29 b(This)20 b(is)h(a)g(v)n(ery)f(e\013ectiv)n(e)g(metho)r(d)e(of)i(quieting)g (an)g(otherwise)200 2974 y(v)n(erb)r(ose)d(program.)338 3122 y Fr(/home/larry#)28 b Fo(yes)18 b Fe(>)g Fo(/dev/nul)s(l)p 200 3170 960 3 v 262 3218 a Fk(5)285 3234 y Fi(The)f(in)o(terrupt)h(k)o(ey)e (can)g(b)q(e)i(set)e(using)h(the)g Fj(stty)e Fi(command.)24 b(The)17 b(default)g(on)g(most)f(systems)g(is)p 2115 3187 195 3 v 2115 3251 3 64 v 35 w Fr(ctrl-C)p 2308 3251 V 2115 3253 195 3 v 20 w Fi(,)h(but)h(w)o(e)e(can't)200 3300 y(guaran)o(tee)f(the)h(same) f(for)g(y)o(our)h(system.)p eop %%Page: 106 121 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(3.11.)48 b(Job)22 b(Con)n(trol)1803 b FB(106)200 108 y(Ah,)18 b(m)n(uc)n(h)g(b)r(etter.)23 b(Nothing)17 b(is)i(prin)n(ted,)f(but)f(the)h(shell)h(prompt)d(do)r(esn't)g(come)h(bac)n (k.)25 b(This)19 b(is)g(b)r(ecause)d Fv(yes)200 184 y FB(is)g(still)h (running,)f(and)g(is)g(sending)f(those)g(inane)g Fv(y)p FB('s)i(to)e Fv(/dev/null)p FB(.)25 b(Again,)16 b(to)g(kill)h(the)e(job,)i(hit)f(the)f(in) n(terrupt)200 259 y(k)n(ey)-5 b(.)283 364 y(Let's)17 b(supp)r(ose)f(that)h(w) n(e)h(w)n(an)n(ted)f(the)g Fv(yes)i FB(command)14 b(to)k(con)n(tin)n(ue)f(to) g(run,)h(but)f(w)n(an)n(ted)g(to)h(get)f(our)g(shell)200 439 y(prompt)g(bac)n(k)j(to)f(w)n(ork)g(on)g(other)f(things.)28 b(W)-5 b(e)20 b(can)e(put)h Fv(yes)h FB(in)n(to)g(the)e(bac)n(kground,)g (whic)n(h)i(will)h(allo)n(w)f(it)g(to)200 515 y(run,)e(but)f(without)g(need)h (for)f(in)n(teraction.)283 619 y(One)22 b(w)n(a)n(y)h(to)e(put)h(a)g(pro)r (cess)e(in)i(the)f(bac)n(kground)g(is)h(to)g(app)r(end)e(an)i(\\)p Fv(&)p FB(")f(c)n(haracter)f(to)i(the)f(end)g(of)h(the)200 695 y(command.)338 844 y Fr(/home/larry#)28 b Fo(yes)18 b Fe(>)g Fo(/dev/nul)s(l)g(&)338 919 y Fr([1])27 b(164)338 995 y(/home/larry#)200 1144 y FB(As)d(y)n(ou)h(can)f(see,)i(w)n(e)f(ha)n(v)n(e)g(our)f(shell)h (prompt)e(bac)n(k.)44 b(But)24 b(what)g(is)h(this)g(\\)p Fv([1])k(164)p FB("?)44 b(And)24 b(is)h(the)f Fv(yes)200 1219 y FB(command)15 b(really)k(running?)283 1324 y(The)g(\\)p Fv([1])p FB(")h(represen)n(ts)e (the)h Fx(job)k(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)e FB(for)f(the)f Fv(yes)h FB(pro)r(cess.)28 b(The)19 b(shell)h(assigns)f(a)h(job)g(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)e(to)200 1399 y(ev)n(ery)h(running)e(job.)25 b(Because)17 b Fv(yes)i FB(is)g(the)f(one)g(and)g(only)h(job)f(that)f(w)n(e're)h(curren)n(tly)g (running,)g(it)h(is)g(assigned)200 1475 y(job)e(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)f Fv(1)p FB(.)25 b(The)17 b(\\)p Fv(164)p FB(")g(is)h(the)f(pro)r(cess)e(ID,)j (or)f(PID,)h(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)e(giv)n(en)i(b)n(y)g(the)f(system)f(to)h(the)f (job.)24 b(Either)200 1551 y(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)17 b(ma)n(y)g(b)r(e)h(used)f(to) h(refer)f(to)g(the)h(job,)g(as)g(w)n(e'll)h(see)f(later.)283 1655 y(Y)-5 b(ou)18 b(no)n(w)h(ha)n(v)n(e)g(the)f Fv(yes)h FB(pro)r(cess)e(running)g(in)i(the)f(bac)n(kground,)f(con)n(tin)n(uously)i (sending)e(a)i(stream)d(of)j Fv(y)p FB('s)200 1731 y(to)f Fv(/dev/null)p FB(.)25 b(T)-5 b(o)19 b(c)n(hec)n(k)f(on)g(the)f(status)g(of)h(this)f(pro)r (cess,)g(use)g(the)h(shell)g(in)n(ternal)g(command)d Fv(jobs)p FB(.)338 1879 y Fr(/home/larry#)28 b Fo(jobs)338 1955 y Fr([1]+)53 b(Running)446 b(yes)27 b(>/dev/null)53 b(&)338 2031 y(/home/larry#)200 2179 y FB(Sure)20 b(enough,)h(there)e(it)i(is.)34 b(Y)-5 b(ou)20 b(could)h(also)f(use)h(the)f Fv(ps)h FB(command)d(as)j(demonstrated)c(ab)r(o) n(v)n(e)j(to)h(c)n(hec)n(k)g(on)200 2255 y(the)c(status)g(of)h(the)f(job.)283 2359 y(T)-5 b(o)22 b(terminate)d(the)i(job,)h(use)g(the)f(command)d Fv(kill)p FB(.)36 b(This)22 b(command)d(tak)n(es)i(either)g(a)g(job)h(n)n(um) n(b)r(er)e(or)h(a)200 2435 y(pro)r(cess)16 b(ID)j(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)d(as)i(an)g (argumen)n(t.)k(This)d(w)n(as)f(job)g(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)e(1,)j(so)f(using)g (the)f(command)338 2584 y Fr(/home/larry#)28 b Fo(kil)s(l)18 b(\0451)200 2732 y FB(will)h(kill)g(the)d(job.)24 b(When)17 b(iden)n(tifying)g(the)g(job)f(with)i(the)e(job)h(n)n(um)n(b)r(er,)f(y)n(ou)i (m)n(ust)e(pre\014x)h(the)f(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)g(with)h(a)200 2808 y(p)r(ercen)n(t)f(\(\\)p Fv(\045)p FB("\))h(c)n(haracter.)283 2912 y(No)n(w)h(that)f(w)n(e'v)n(e)i(killed)g(the)f(job,)g(w)n(e)g(can)g(use) f Fv(jobs)i FB(again)f(to)f(c)n(hec)n(k)h(on)g(it:)338 3055 y Fr(/home/larry#)28 b Fo(jobs)338 3190 y Fr([1]+)53 b(Terminated)368 b(yes)27 b(>/dev/null)338 3333 y(/home/larry#)p eop %%Page: 107 122 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(3.11.)48 b(Job)22 b(Con)n(trol)1803 b FB(107)200 108 y(The)18 b(job)g(is)g(in)h(fact)e(dead,)h(and)f(if)i(w)n(e)f (use)g(the)f Fv(jobs)i FB(command)c(again)j(nothing)f(should)g(b)r(e)h(prin)n (ted.)283 212 y(Y)-5 b(ou)16 b(can)f(also)h(kill)i(the)e(job)f(using)h(the)g (pro)r(cess)e(ID)i(\(PID\))g(n)n(um)n(b)r(er,)f(whic)n(h)i(is)f(prin)n(ted)g (along)f(with)h(the)g(job)200 288 y(ID)j(when)e(y)n(ou)i(start)d(the)i(job.) 24 b(In)18 b(our)g(example,)f(the)g(pro)r(cess)f(ID)j(is)g(164,)e(so)h(the)g (command)338 436 y Fr(/home/larry#)28 b Fo(kil)s(l)18 b(164)200 585 y FB(is)h(equiv)m(alen)n(t)f(to)338 734 y Fr(/home/larry#)28 b Fo(kil)s(l)18 b(\0451)200 882 y FB(Y)-5 b(ou)18 b(don't)f(need)g(to)h(use)g (the)f(\\)p Fv(\045)p 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b(Last)16 b(line)i(mo)r(de)e(is)p eop %%Page: 110 125 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(3.12.)48 b(Using)21 b(the)h Fv(vi)f Fx(Editor)1589 b FB(110)200 108 y(generally)19 b(used)f(for)h Fv(vi)h FB(commands)c(whic)n(h)k(are)f(longer)f(than)g(one)h(c)n(haracter.)26 b(In)20 b(last)f(line)h(mo)r(de,)e(y)n(ou)h(en)n(ter)200 184 y(a)f(single-line)h(command)c(and)i(press)p 1004 139 169 3 v 1004 200 3 61 v 36 w Fr(enter)p 1170 200 V 1004 202 169 3 v 38 w FB(to)h(execute)e(it.)200 378 y Fh(3.12.2)76 b(Starting)25 b Fa(vi)200 518 y FB(The)18 b(b)r(est)f(w)n(a)n(y)j(to)e(understand)e(these)h (concepts)f(is)j(to)f(actually)g(\014re)g(up)g Fv(vi)h FB(and)f(edit)g(a)h (\014le.)25 b(In)19 b(the)f(example)200 594 y(\\screens")d(b)r(elo)n(w,)i(w)n (e're)g(only)g(going)f(to)h(sho)n(w)g(a)g(few)g(lines)g(of)g(text,)f(as)h(if) h(the)e(screen)f(w)n(as)i(only)h(six)f(lines)g(high)200 669 y(\(instead)f(of)j(t)n(w)n(en)n(t)n(y-four\).)283 774 y(The)f(syn)n(tax)g (for)g Fv(vi)g FB(is)338 922 y Fr(vi)27 b Fg(h)p Ff(\014lename)p Fg(i)200 1071 y FB(where)17 b FA(h)p Fp(\014lename)p FA(i)e FB(is)k(the)e(name)g(of)h(the)f(\014le)i(that)d(y)n(ou)j(wish)f(to)g(edit.) 283 1175 y(Start)f(up)h Fv(vi)g FB(b)n(y)h(t)n(yping)338 1324 y Fr(/home/larry#)28 b Fo(vi)18 b(test)200 1472 y FB(whic)n(h)g(will)i(edit)e (the)f(\014le)h Fv(test)p FB(.)25 b(Y)-5 b(ou)18 b(should)g(see)f(something)f (lik)n(e)p 338 1564 1958 3 v 338 2048 3 485 v 357 1611 a Fr(~)p 357 1620 27 3 v 357 1680 a(~)357 1750 y(~)357 1819 y(~)357 1888 y(~)357 1958 y(~)357 2027 y("test")27 b([New)g(file])p 2294 2048 3 485 v 338 2050 1958 3 v 283 2167 a FB(The)18 b(column)f(of)h(\\)p Fv(~)p FB(")f(c)n(haracters)f(indicates)h(that)g(y)n(ou)h(are)g(the)f(end)h (of)g(the)f(\014le.)200 2361 y Fh(3.12.3)76 b(Inserting)25 b(text)200 2501 y FB(Y)-5 b(ou)18 b(are)g(no)n(w)g(in)h(command)d(mo)r(de;)g (in)j(order)e(to)h(insert)g(text)f(in)n(to)i(the)e(\014le,)i(press)p 2005 2454 64 3 v 2005 2518 3 64 v 37 w Fr(i)p 2066 2518 V 2005 2520 64 3 v 37 w FB(\(whic)n(h)f(will)i(place)e(y)n(ou)200 2577 y(in)n(to)g(insert)f(mo)r(de\),)f(and)i(b)r(egin)f(t)n(yping.)p 338 2672 1958 3 v 338 3082 3 411 v 357 2719 a Fr(Now)27 b(is)f(the)h(time)g (for)f(all)h(good)g(men)f(to)h(come)f(to)h(the)f(aid)h(of)g(the)f(party.)p 2030 2728 27 3 v 357 2788 a(~)357 2858 y(~)357 2927 y(~)357 2996 y(~)357 3066 y(~)p 2294 3082 3 411 v 338 3084 1958 3 v 283 3209 a FB(While)21 b(inserting)e(text,)i(y)n(ou)g(ma)n(y)g(t)n(yp)r(e)f (as)g(man)n(y)g(lines)h(as)g(y)n(ou)g(wish)g(\(pressing)p 2064 3165 195 3 v 2064 3226 3 61 v 37 w Fr(return)p 2256 3226 V 2064 3228 195 3 v 41 w FB(after)e(eac)n(h,)i(of)200 3285 y(course\),)16 b(and)i(y)n(ou)h(ma)n(y)f(correct)d(mistak)n(es)i(using)h(the)g(bac)n(kspace) e(k)n(ey)-5 b(.)283 3389 y(T)g(o)19 b(end)e(insert)g(mo)r(de,)g(and)g(return) g(to)g(command)f(mo)r(de,)g(press)p 1688 3351 117 3 v 1688 3406 3 55 v 36 w Fr(esc)p 1802 3406 V 1688 3408 117 3 v 19 w FB(.)p eop %%Page: 111 126 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(3.12.)48 b(Using)21 b(the)h Fv(vi)f Fx(Editor)1589 b FB(111)283 108 y(While)17 b(in)h(command)c(mo)r(de,) h(y)n(ou)j(can)e(use)g(the)h(arro)n(w)f(k)n(eys)i(to)e(mo)n(v)n(e)h(around)f (the)g(\014le.)24 b(Here,)16 b(b)r(ecause)f(w)n(e)200 184 y(only)j(ha)n(v)n (e)h(one)e(line)h(of)g(text,)g(trying)f(to)h(use)f(the)h(up-)g(or)f(do)n (wn-arro)n(w)h(k)n(eys)h(will)g(probably)e(cause)g Fv(vi)h FB(to)g(b)r(eep)200 259 y(at)g(y)n(ou.)283 364 y(There)23 b(are)g(sev)n(eral) g(w)n(a)n(ys)i(to)e(insert)g(text,)i(other)d(than)h(using)h(the)f Fv(i)h FB(command.)39 b(F)-5 b(or)24 b(example,)g(the)f Fv(a)200 439 y FB(command)16 b(inserts)j(text)f(b)r(eginning)g Fu(after)27 b FB(the)19 b(curren)n(t)f(cursor)g(p)r(osition,)h(instead)f(of)h(on)g(the)g (curren)n(t)f(cursor)200 515 y(p)r(osition.)35 b(F)-5 b(or)23 b(example,)f(use)f(the)h(left)g(arro)n(w)f(k)n(ey)i(to)f(mo)n(v)n(e)g(the)f (cursor)f(b)r(et)n(w)n(een)h(the)g(w)n(ords)h(\\go)r(o)r(d")e(and)200 591 y(\\men".)p 338 671 1958 3 v 338 1082 3 411 v 357 718 a Fr(Now)27 b(is)f(the)h(time)g(for)f(all)h(good)p 1089 727 27 3 v 27 w(men)f(to)h(come)f(to)h(the)f(aid)h(of)g(the)f(party.)357 788 y(~)357 857 y(~)357 927 y(~)357 996 y(~)357 1065 y(~)p 2294 1082 3 411 v 338 1084 1958 3 v 200 1203 a FB(Press)p 346 1165 64 3 v 346 1219 3 55 v 36 w Fr(a)p 408 1219 V 346 1221 64 3 v 19 w FB(,)19 b(to)e(start)g(insert)g(mo)r(de,)g(t)n(yp)r(e)g(\\)p Fv(wo)p FB(",)i(and)e(then)g(hit)p 1554 1165 117 3 v 1554 1219 3 55 v 37 w Fr(esc)p 1668 1219 V 1554 1221 117 3 v 38 w FB(to)h(return)e(to)i (command)d(mo)r(de.)p 338 1302 1958 3 v 338 1713 3 411 v 357 1349 a Fr(Now)27 b(is)f(the)h(time)g(for)f(all)h(good)g(wom)p 1168 1358 27 3 v(en)f(to)h(come)g(to)f(the)h(aid)f(of)h(the)f(party.)357 1419 y(~)357 1488 y(~)357 1558 y(~)357 1627 y(~)357 1696 y(~)p 2294 1713 3 411 v 338 1715 1958 3 v 283 1832 a FB(T)-5 b(o)15 b(b)r(egin)f(inserting)g(text)g(at)h(the)f(line)h(b)r(elo)n(w)g(the)f(curren) n(t)g(one,)h(use)f(the)h Fv(o)g FB(command.)21 b(F)-5 b(or)15 b(example,)f(press)p 200 1870 64 3 v 200 1924 3 55 v 219 1908 a Fr(o)p 262 1924 V 200 1926 64 3 v 37 w FB(and)k(t)n(yp)r(e)f(another)f (line)j(or)f(t)n(w)n(o:)p 338 2007 1958 3 v 338 2418 3 411 v 357 2054 a Fr(Now)27 b(is)f(the)h(time)g(for)f(all)h(good)g(women)f(to)h (come)g(to)f(the)h(aid)f(of)h(the)f(party.)357 2124 y(Afterwards,)i(we'll)f (go)f(out)h(for)g(pizza)f(and)h(beer.)p 1481 2133 27 3 v 357 2193 a(~)357 2262 y(~)357 2332 y(~)357 2401 y(~)p 2294 2418 3 411 v 338 2420 1958 3 v 283 2540 a FB(Just)21 b(remem)n(b)r(er)c(that)i(at) h(an)n(y)h(time)f(y)n(ou're)g(either)g(in)h(command)d(mo)r(de)g(\(where)h (commands)f(suc)n(h)i(as)h Fv(i)p FB(,)200 2616 y Fv(a)p FB(,)26 b(or)d Fv(o)h FB(are)f(v)m(alid\),)j(or)e(in)g(insert)f(mo)r(de)e(\(where)h (y)n(ou're)i(inserting)f(text,)i(follo)n(w)n(ed)f(b)n(y)p 2162 2578 117 3 v 2162 2632 3 55 v 43 w Fr(esc)p 2276 2632 V 2162 2634 117 3 v 44 w FB(to)f(return)f(to)200 2691 y(command)12 b(mo)r(de\),)i(or)h(last)g(line)h(mo)r(de)e(\(where)f(y)n(ou're)j(en)n (tering)e(extended)f(commands,)h(as)h(discussed)f(b)r(elo)n(w\).)200 2962 y Fh(3.12.4)76 b(Deleting)26 b(text)200 3102 y FB(F)-5 b(rom)19 b(command)d(mo)r(de,)i(the)g Fv(x)i FB(command)c(deletes)i(the)g(c)n (haracter)f(under)h(the)g(cursor.)26 b(If)20 b(y)n(ou)f(press)p 2434 3064 64 3 v 2434 3118 3 55 v 37 w Fr(x)p 2495 3118 V 2434 3120 64 3 v 39 w FB(\014v)n(e)200 3177 y(times,)e(y)n(ou'll)j(end)d(up)h (with:)p eop %%Page: 112 127 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(3.12.)48 b(Using)21 b(the)h Fv(vi)f Fx(Editor)1589 b FB(112)p 338 55 1958 3 v 338 465 3 411 v 357 102 a Fr(Now)27 b(is)f(the)h(time)g(for)f(all)h(good)g(women)f(to)h (come)g(to)f(the)h(aid)f(of)h(the)f(party.)357 171 y(Afterwards,)i(we'll)f (go)f(out)h(for)g(pizza)f(and)p 1350 180 27 3 v 357 241 a(~)357 310 y(~)357 379 y(~)357 449 y(~)p 2294 465 3 411 v 338 467 1958 3 v 200 585 a FB(No)n(w)18 b(press)p 465 547 64 3 v 465 602 3 55 v 36 w Fr(a)p 527 602 V 465 604 64 3 v 19 w FB(,)h(insert)e(some)g (text,)g(follo)n(w)n(ed)i(b)n(y)p 1277 547 117 3 v 1277 602 3 55 v 38 w Fr(esc)p 1391 602 V 1277 604 117 3 v 19 w FB(:)p 338 684 1958 3 v 338 1095 3 411 v 357 731 a Fr(Now)27 b(is)f(the)h(time)g (for)f(all)h(good)g(women)f(to)h(come)g(to)f(the)h(aid)f(of)h(the)f(party.) 357 801 y(Afterwards,)i(we'll)f(go)f(out)h(for)g(pizza)f(and)h(Diet)g(Coke.)p 1612 810 27 3 v 357 870 a(~)357 939 y(~)357 1009 y(~)357 1078 y(~)p 2294 1095 3 411 v 338 1097 1958 3 v 283 1224 a FB(Y)-5 b(ou)22 b(can)g(delete)g(en)n(tire)g(lines)g(using)h(the)f(command)d Fv(dd)k FB(\(that)e(is,)k(press)p 1916 1177 64 3 v 1916 1241 3 64 v 40 w Fr(d)p 1977 1241 V 1916 1243 64 3 v 42 w FB(t)n(wice)e(in)g(a)g (ro)n(w\).)37 b(If)23 b(y)n(our)200 1300 y(cursor)17 b(is)h(on)g(the)g (second)e(line,)j(and)f(y)n(ou)g(t)n(yp)r(e)g Fv(dd)p FB(,)p 338 1390 1958 3 v 338 1801 3 411 v 357 1437 a Fr(N)p 357 1446 27 3 v(ow)27 b(is)f(the)h(time)g(for)f(all)h(good)g(women)f(to)h(come)g(to)f (the)h(aid)f(of)h(the)f(party.)357 1507 y(~)357 1576 y(~)357 1646 y(~)357 1715 y(~)357 1784 y(~)p 2294 1801 3 411 v 338 1803 1958 3 v 283 1919 a FB(T)-5 b(o)20 b(delete)f(the)g(w)n(ord)g(whic)n(h)h (the)f(cursor)f(is)j(on,)f(use)f(the)g Fv(dw)h FB(command.)27 b(Place)19 b(the)g(cursor)f(on)i(the)e(w)n(ord)200 1995 y(\\go)r(o)r(d",)e (and)i(t)n(yp)r(e)f Fv(dw)p FB(.)p 338 2086 V 338 2496 3 411 v 357 2133 a Fr(Now)27 b(is)f(the)h(time)g(for)f(all)h(w)p 985 2142 27 3 v(omen)g(to)f(come)h(to)f(the)h(aid)g(of)f(the)h(party.)357 2202 y(~)357 2271 y(~)357 2341 y(~)357 2410 y(~)357 2480 y(~)p 2294 2496 3 411 v 338 2498 1958 3 v 200 2700 a Fh(3.12.5)76 b(Changing)25 b(text)200 2840 y FB(Y)-5 b(ou)14 b(can)h(replace)e(sections)g (of)i(text)f(using)g(the)g Fv(R)h FB(command.)21 b(Place)14 b(the)g(cursor)f(on)i(the)f(\014rst)f(letter)h(in)h(\\part)n(y",)200 2915 y(press)p 339 2868 64 3 v 339 2932 3 64 v 36 w Fr(R)p 401 2932 V 339 2934 64 3 v 19 w FB(,)k(and)e(t)n(yp)r(e)h(the)f(w)n(ord)h (\\h)n(ungry".)p 338 3014 1958 3 v 338 3425 3 411 v 357 3061 a Fr(Now)27 b(is)f(the)h(time)g(for)f(all)h(women)g(to)f(come)h(to)f(the)h (aid)g(of)f(the)h(hungry.)p 1978 3070 27 3 v 357 3130 a(~)357 3200 y(~)357 3269 y(~)357 3339 y(~)357 3408 y(~)p 2294 3425 3 411 v 338 3427 1958 3 v eop %%Page: 113 128 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(3.12.)48 b(Using)21 b(the)h Fv(vi)f Fx(Editor)1589 b FB(113)200 108 y(Using)18 b Fv(R)h FB(to)e(edit)h(text)g(is)h(m)n(uc)n(h)f(lik)n(e)h(the)f Fv(i)h FB(and)e Fv(a)i FB(commands,)d(but)i Fv(R)g FB(o)n(v)n(erwrites)g(text,)g (instead)f(of)h(inserting)200 184 y(it.)283 288 y(The)e Fv(r)h FB(command)d(replaces)g(the)i(single)h(c)n(haracter)d(under)h(the)h(cursor.) 22 b(F)-5 b(or)17 b(example,)f(mo)n(v)n(e)g(the)g(cursor)f(to)200 364 y(the)i(b)r(eginning)g(of)h(the)f(w)n(ord)h(\\No)n(w",)g(and)g(t)n(yp)r (e)f Fv(r)i FB(follo)n(w)n(ed)g(b)n(y)f Fv(C)p FB(,)h(y)n(ou'll)h(ha)n(v)n (e:)p 338 455 1958 3 v 338 866 3 411 v 357 502 a Fr(C)p 357 511 27 3 v(ow)27 b(is)f(the)h(time)g(for)f(all)h(women)g(to)f(come)h(to)f (the)h(aid)g(of)f(the)h(hungry.)357 571 y(~)357 641 y(~)357 710 y(~)357 780 y(~)357 849 y(~)p 2294 866 3 411 v 338 868 1958 3 v 283 985 a FB(The)16 b(\\)p Fv(~)p FB(")f(command)e(c)n(hanges)h(the) i(case)e(of)i(the)f(letter)g(under)f(the)h(cursor)g(from)f(upp)r(er-)h(to)g (lo)n(w)n(er-case,)i(and)200 1060 y(vise)k(v)n(ersa,)g(F)-5 b(or)20 b(example,)g(if)h(y)n(ou)f(place)g(the)f(cursor)g(on)h(the)g(\\o")f (in)i(\\Co)n(w",)g(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e,)g(and)e(rep)r(eatedly)f(press)p 200 1089 64 3 v 200 1153 3 64 v 219 1136 a Fr(~)p 262 1153 V 200 1155 64 3 v 19 w FB(,)h(y)n(ou'll)g(end)f(up)g(with:)p 338 1236 1958 3 v 338 1646 3 411 v 357 1283 a Fr(COW)27 b(IS)f(THE)h(TIME)g (FOR)f(ALL)h(WOMEN)g(TO)f(COME)h(TO)f(THE)h(AID)g(OF)f(THE)h(HUNGRY.)p 1978 1292 27 3 v 357 1352 a(~)357 1421 y(~)357 1491 y(~)357 1560 y(~)357 1630 y(~)p 2294 1646 3 411 v 338 1648 1958 3 v 200 1850 a Fh(3.12.6)76 b(Mo)n(ving)26 b(commands)200 1990 y FB(Y)-5 b(ou)20 b(already)f(kno)n(w)h(ho)n(w)g(to)g(use)f(the)g(arro)n(w)g (k)n(eys)i(to)e(mo)n(v)n(e)h(around)f(the)g(do)r(cumen)n(t.)27 b(In)20 b(addition,)g(y)n(ou)g(can)200 2066 y(use)h(the)f Fv(h)p FB(,)j Fv(j)p FB(,)f Fv(k)p FB(,)h(and)e Fv(l)g FB(commands)d(to)j(mo)n(v)n (e)g(the)f(cursor)g(left,)i(do)n(wn,)g(up,)g(and)f(righ)n(t,)h(resp)r(ectiv)n (ely)-5 b(.)33 b(This)200 2142 y(comes)16 b(in)j(handy)e(when)h(\(for)f(some) g(reason\))f(y)n(our)i(arro)n(w)g(k)n(eys)h(aren't)e(w)n(orking)h(correctly) -5 b(.)283 2246 y(The)24 b Fv(w)h FB(command)c(mo)n(v)n(es)k(the)e(cursor)g (to)h(the)g(b)r(eginning)f(of)h(the)g(next)g(w)n(ord;)k(the)23 b Fv(b)i FB(mo)n(v)n(es)f(it)h(to)f(the)200 2322 y(b)r(eginning)17 b(of)h(the)f(previous)g(w)n(ord.)283 2426 y(The)g Fv(0)i FB(\(that's)d(a)i (zero\))e(command)f(mo)n(v)n(es)i(the)g(cursor)g(to)g(the)g(b)r(eginning)f (of)i(the)f(curren)n(t)f(line,)j(and)e(the)g Fv($)200 2502 y FB(command)e(mo)n(v)n(es)j(it)g(to)g(the)f(end)h(of)g(the)f(line.)283 2606 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b(b)r(ecause)e(the)h(system)f(giv)n(es)200 2500 y(y)n(ou)g(the)e (privilege)h(to)g(mess)e(with)j(user)e(\014les)h(do)r(es)f(not)g(mean)g(that) g(y)n(ou)h(ha)n(v)n(e)h(an)n(y)f(righ)n(t)g(to)g(do)g(so.)283 2604 y(Lastly)-5 b(,)19 b(b)r(eing)e(the)g(system)g(administrator)e(is)k (really)f(not)g(a)g(big)h(deal.)24 b(It)18 b(do)r(esn't)f(matter)f(if)j(y)n (our)f(system)200 2680 y(is)i(a)f(little)g(386)g(or)f(a)h(Cra)n(y)h(sup)r (ercomput)o(er.)k(Running)18 b(the)g(system)g(is)i(the)e(same,)g(regardless.) 26 b(Kno)n(wing)19 b(the)200 2755 y Fv(root)e FB(passw)n(ord)e(isn't)h(going) f(to)h(earn)f(y)n(ou)i(money)d(or)i(fame.)23 b(It)16 b(will)h(allo)n(w)g(y)n (ou)g(to)e(main)n(tain)g(the)h(system,)f(and)200 2831 y(k)n(eep)j(it)g (running.)24 b(That's)18 b(it.)200 3057 y Ft(4.2)122 b(Bo)s(oting)29 b(the)h(System)200 3216 y FB(There)17 b(are)g(sev)n(eral)h(w)n(a)n(ys)h(to)f (b)r(o)r(ot)e(the)i(system,)e(either)h(from)g(\015opp)n(y)h(or)g(from)f(the)g (hard)h(driv)n(e.)p eop %%Page: 125 140 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(4.2.)77 b(Bo)r(oting)20 b(the)i(System)1586 b FB(125)200 108 y Fh(4.2.1)75 b(Using)27 b(a)e(b)r(o)r(ot)g(\015opp)n(y)200 248 y FB(Man)n(y)e(p)r(eople)e(b)r(o)r(ot) g(Lin)n(ux)i(using)g(a)g(\\b)r(o)r(ot)d(\015opp)n(y")i(whic)n(h)h(con)n (tains)f(a)h(cop)n(y)g(of)f(the)g(Lin)n(ux)i(k)n(ernel.)38 b(This)200 324 y(k)n(ernel)17 b(has)f(the)f(Lin)n(ux)i(ro)r(ot)e(partition)g (co)r(ded)g(in)n(to)i(it,)g(so)g(it)f(will)i(kno)n(w)f(where)f(to)g(lo)r(ok)g (on)g(the)g(hard)g(driv)n(e)h(for)200 399 y(the)h(ro)r(ot)f(\014lesystem.)23 b(\(The)18 b Fv(rdev)h FB(command)d(can)h(b)r(e)h(used)g(to)g(set)f(the)h(ro) r(ot)f(partition)g(in)i(the)f(k)n(ernel)g(image;)200 475 y(see)f(b)r(elo)n (w.\))24 b(This)19 b(is)f(the)g(t)n(yp)r(e)f(of)h(\015opp)n(y)g(created)e(b)n (y)j(Slac)n(kw)n(are)f(during)f(installation,)h(for)g(example.)283 579 y(T)-5 b(o)19 b(create)d(y)n(our)i(o)n(wn)h(b)r(o)r(ot)d(\015opp)n(y)-5 b(,)19 b(\014rst)f(lo)r(cate)f(the)g(k)n(ernel)h(image)g(on)g(y)n(our)g(hard) g(disk.)25 b(It)19 b(should)e(b)r(e)h(in)200 655 y(the)f(\014le)h Fv(/Image)h FB(or)f Fv(/etc/Image)p FB(.)26 b(Some)16 b(installations)h(use)h (the)f(\014le)i Fv(/vmlinux)f FB(for)g(the)f(k)n(ernel.)283 759 y(Y)-5 b(ou)13 b(ma)n(y)g(instead)f(ha)n(v)n(e)h(a)g(compressed)d(k)n (ernel.)23 b(A)13 b(compressed)d(k)n(ernel)j(uncompresses)c(itself)k(in)n(to) h(memory)200 835 y(at)19 b(b)r(o)r(ot)f(time,)h(and)g(tak)n(es)g(up)h(m)n(uc) n(h)f(less)g(space)g(on)g(the)g(hard)g(driv)n(e.)29 b(If)20 b(y)n(ou)g(ha)n(v)n(e)g(a)f(compressed)e(k)n(ernel,)j(it)200 911 y(ma)n(y)e(b)r(e)f(found)h(in)g(the)f(\014le)i Fv(/zImage)f FB(or)g Fv(/etc/zImage)p FB(.)283 1015 y(Once)g(y)n(ou)h(kno)n(w)f(where)g (the)f(k)n(ernel)i(is,)g(set)f(the)f(ro)r(ot)g(device)h(in)h(the)e(k)n(ernel) h(image)g(to)g(the)f(name)g(of)h(y)n(our)200 1091 y(Lin)n(ux)h(ro)r(ot)d (partition)h(with)h(the)f Fv(rdev)i FB(command.)j(The)17 b(format)f(of)i(the) 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2092 y(cop)n(ying)20 b(data)g(to)g(a)h(\015opp)n(y) -5 b(,)22 b(it's)f(a)f(go)r(o)r(d)f(idea)h(to)g(MS-DOS)h(format)e(the)h (\015opp)n(y)g(\014rst.)31 b(This)21 b(la)n(ys)h(do)n(wn)e(the)200 2168 y(sector)c(and)i(trac)n(k)g(information)e(on)h(the)h(\015opp)n(y)-5 b(,)19 b(so)e(it)i(can)e(b)r(e)h(detected)d(as)j(either)f(high)h(or)g(lo)n(w) h(densit)n(y)-5 b(.)283 2272 y(F)g(or)27 b(example,)h(to)e(cop)n(y)g(the)g(k) n(ernel)h(in)g(the)f(\014le)g Fv(/etc/Image)i FB(to)e(the)g(\015opp)n(y)g(in) h Fv(/etc/fd0)p FB(,)j(use)c(the)200 2348 y(command)338 2497 y Fr(#)h Fo(cp)18 b(/etc/Image)e(/dev/fd0)283 2645 y FB(This)i(\015opp)n(y)g (should)g(no)n(w)g(b)r(o)r(ot)e(Lin)n(ux.)200 2840 y Fh(4.2.2)75 b(Using)27 b(LILO)200 2980 y FB(Another)15 b(metho)r(d)f(of)i(b)r(o)r(oting)f (is)i(to)g(use)f(LILO,)h(a)f(program)f(whic)n(h)i(resides)f(in)h(the)f(b)r(o) r(ot)f(sector)g(of)h(y)n(our)h(hard)200 3055 y(disk.)24 b(This)14 b(program)e(is)j(executed)d(when)h(the)h(system)e(is)j(b)r(o)r(oted)d(from)h (the)g(hard)g(disk,)j(and)e(can)f(automatically)200 3131 y(b)r(o)r(ot)j(up)i (Lin)n(ux)h(from)e(a)h(k)n(ernel)g(image)f(stored)f(on)i(the)f(hard)h(driv)n (e)g(itself.)283 3235 y(LILO)e(can)h(also)g(b)r(e)f(used)g(as)h(a)g (\014rst-stage)d(b)r(o)r(ot)h(loader)h(for)h(sev)n(eral)g(op)r(erating)d (systems,)i(allo)n(wing)h(y)n(ou)h(to)200 3311 y(select)i(at)g(b)r(o)r(ot)e (time)i(whic)n(h)h(op)r(erating)d(system)h(\(suc)n(h)h(as)h(Lin)n(ux)g(or)f (MS-DOS\))h(to)f(b)r(o)r(ot.)30 b(When)20 b(y)n(ou)h(b)r(o)r(ot)200 3387 y(using)c(LILO,)h(the)e(default)h(op)r(erating)e(system)h(is)i(b)r(o)r (oted)d(unless)i(y)n(ou)h(press)p 1864 3340 143 3 v 1864 3403 3 64 v 35 w Fr(ctrl)p 2005 3403 V 1864 3405 143 3 v 20 w FB(,)p 2040 3340 117 3 v 2040 3403 3 64 v 37 w Fr(alt)p 2154 3403 V 2040 3405 117 3 v 19 w FB(,)h(or)p 2257 3340 169 3 v 2257 3403 3 64 v 36 w Fr(shift)p 2423 3403 V 2257 3405 169 3 v 37 w FB(during)p eop %%Page: 126 141 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(4.2.)77 b(Bo)r(oting)20 b(the)i(System)1586 b FB(126)200 108 y(the)19 b(b)r(o)r(otup)f(sequence.)29 b(If)21 b(y)n(ou)f(press)g(an)n(y)g(of)g(these)f(k)n(eys,)j(y)n(ou)e(will)i (b)r(e)e(pro)n(vided)f(with)h(a)h(b)r(o)r(ot)d(prompt,)h(at)200 184 y(whic)n(h)j(y)n(ou)h(t)n(yp)r(e)f(the)f(name)g(of)h(the)g(op)r(erating)d (system)i(to)h(b)r(o)r(ot)e(\(suc)n(h)i(as)g(\\)p Fv(linux)p FB(")g(or)g(\\)p Fv(msdos)p FB("\).)36 b(If)23 b(y)n(ou)200 259 y(press)p 339 212 117 3 v 339 276 3 64 v 36 w Fr(tab)p 453 276 V 339 278 117 3 v 38 w FB(at)17 b(the)h(b)r(o)r(ot)e(prompt,)g(a)i (listing)h(of)f(a)n(v)m(ailable)g(op)r(erating)e(systems)g(will)k(b)r(e)d (pro)n(vided.)283 364 y(The)e(easy)h(w)n(a)n(y)h(to)e(install)h(LILO)f(is)h (to)g(edit)f(the)g(con\014guration)e(\014le,)j Fv(/etc/lilo.conf)p FB(,)i(and)d(then)g(run)g(the)200 439 y(command)338 588 y Fr(#)27 b Fo(/sbin/lilo)283 736 y FB(The)14 b(LILO)g(con\014guration)d(\014le)k(con)n (tains)e(a)h(\\stanza")e(for)i(eac)n(h)g(op)r(erating)e(system)h(that)g(y)n 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b Fo(mount)18 b(-t)h(ext2)e(/dev/hda3)i(/usr)200 2408 y FB(is)f(equiv)m(alen)n(t)f(to)g (moun)n(ting)e(the)i(\014lesystem)e(with)i(the)g(en)n(try)g Fv(/dev/hda3)h FB(in)g(the)e Fv(fstab)i FB(example)e(\014le)h(ab)r(o)n(v)n (e.)283 2512 y(In)22 b(general,)f(y)n(ou)h(should)f(nev)n(er)g(ha)n(v)n(e)g (to)g(moun)n(t)f(or)i(unmoun)n(t)d(\014lesystems)g(b)n(y)k(hand.)33 b(The)21 b Fv(mount)30 b(-av)200 2588 y FB(command)13 b(in)j Fv(/etc/rc)g FB(tak)n(es)f(care)f(of)i(moun)n(ting)e(the)h(\014lesystems)e (at)i(b)r(o)r(ot)f(time.)22 b(Filesystems)15 b(are)g(automat-)200 2663 y(ically)k(unmoun)n(ted)d(b)n(y)j(the)e Fv(shutdown)i FB(or)f Fv(halt)g FB(commands)d(b)r(efore)h(bringing)i(the)f(system)g(do)n (wn.)200 2858 y Fh(4.8.2)75 b(Chec)n(king)26 b(\014lesystems)200 2998 y FB(It)19 b(is)h(usually)g(a)f(go)r(o)r(d)f(idea)h(to)f(c)n(hec)n(k)i (y)n(our)f(\014lesystems)f(for)h(damage)e(or)i(corrupt)e(\014les)i(ev)n(ery)h (no)n(w)f(and)g(then.)200 3073 y(Some)f(systems)g(automatically)g(c)n(hec)n 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b(error)d(if)j(y)n(ou)g(attempt)c(to)j(unmoun)n(t)e(a)i(\014lesystem) e(whic)n(h)j(is)f(in)h(use.)283 1110 y(Other)h(\014lesystem)g(t)n(yp)r(es)g (use)h(di\013eren)n(t)g(forms)f(of)h(the)g Fv(e2fsck)h FB(command,)d(suc)n(h) i(as)h Fv(efsck)f FB(and)g Fv(xfsck)p FB(.)200 1185 y(On)d(some)e(systems,)h (y)n(ou)h(can)f(simply)h(use)f(the)g(command)e Fv(fsck)p FB(,)k(whic)n(h)f (will)h(determine)c(the)i(\014lesystem)f(t)n(yp)r(e)200 1261 y(and)i(execute)e(the)h(appropriate)f(command.)283 1365 y(It)i(is)h(imp)r (ortan)n(t)c(that)i(y)n(ou)h(reb)r(o)r(ot)e(y)n(our)i(system)f(immediately)f (after)g(c)n(hec)n(king)i(a)g(moun)n(ted)e(\014lesystem)h(if)-2524 b Fn(3)200 1441 y FB(an)n(y)18 b(corrections)c(w)n(ere)j(made)f(to)h(that)f (\014lesystem.)23 b(\(Ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)17 b(in)h(general,)f(y)n(ou)g (shouldn't)g(c)n(hec)n(k)g(\014lesystems)200 1517 y(while)26 b(they)e(are)h(moun)n(ted.\))43 b(F)-5 b(or)25 b(example,)h(if)g Fv(e2fsck)g 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b(create)d(the)h(sw)n(ap)h(\014le.)283 2411 y(If)g(y)n(ou)h(ha)n(v)n(e)g(a)f (Lin)n(ux)g(system)f(installed,)h(y)n(ou)h(can)e(use)h(the)f(follo)n(wing)i (commands)c(to)i(create)g(a)h(sw)n(ap)g(\014le.)200 2487 y(Belo)n(w,)h(w)n (e're)f(going)g(to)f(create)g(a)h(sw)n(ap)g(\014le)g(of)g(size)g(8208)f(blo)r (c)n(ks)h(\(ab)r(out)e(8)i(megs\).)338 2625 y Fr(#)27 b Fo(dd)18 b(if=/dev/zer)m(o)f(of=/swap)i(bs=1024)f(c)m(ount=8208)200 2763 y FB(This)j(command)d(creates)h(the)h(sw)n(ap)h(\014le)g(itself.)32 b(Replace)20 b(the)g(\\)p Fv(count=)p FB(")h(with)g(the)f(size)g(of)h(the)f (sw)n(ap)h(\014le)g(in)200 2839 y(blo)r(c)n(ks.)338 2977 y Fr(#)27 b Fo(mkswap)17 b(/swap)i(8208)200 3115 y FB(This)f(command)d(will)20 b(initialize)e(the)f(sw)n(ap\014le;)i(again,)f(replace)e(the)h(name)g(and)g (size)h(of)g(the)f(sw)n(ap\014le)h(with)g(the)200 3191 y(appropriate)e(v)m (alues.)338 3329 y Fr(#)27 b Fo(/etc/sync)338 3405 y Fr(#)g Fo(swap)m(on)18 b(/swap)p eop %%Page: 142 157 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 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b(y)n(ou)g(can)g(simply)g(add)g(the)f(directory)g(to)h(y)n(our)g(p)r (ersonal)e(path)i(b)n(y)h(mo)r(difying)200 2948 y Fv(/etc/.bashrc)19 b FB(or)f Fv(/etc/.cshrc)p FB(,)h(based)e(on)h(y)n(our)h(shell.)283 3052 y(Y)-5 b(ou)18 b(also)h(need)f(to)g(mak)n(e)g(sure)g(that)g Fv(/usr/X11R6/lib)i FB(can)e(b)r(e)g(lo)r(cated)e(b)n(y)k Fv(ld.so)p FB(,)g(the)e(run)n(time)f(link)n(er.)200 3128 y(T)-5 b(o)18 b(do)g(this,)h(add)e(the)h(line)338 3266 y Fr(/usr/X11R6/lib)200 3405 y FB(to)g(the)f(\014le)h Fv(/etc/ld.so.conf)p FB(,)i(and)d(run)h Fv(/sbin/ldconfig)p FB(,)i(as)e Fv(root)p FB(.)p eop %%Page: 152 167 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(5.1.)49 b(The)22 b(X)f(Windo)n(w)g (System)1516 b FB(152)200 108 y Fh(5.1.3)75 b(Con\014guring)25 b(XF)-6 b(ree86)200 248 y FB(Setting)17 b(up)i(XF)-5 b(ree86)17 b(is)i(not)f(di\016cult)g(in)h(most)e(cases.)25 b(Ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)19 b(if)h(y)n(ou)f(happ)r(en)d(to)i(b)r(e)g(using)h(hardw)n(are)e(for)200 324 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1348 y FA(\017)g Fv(Microsoft)283 1467 y FA(\017)g Fv(MMSeries)283 1586 y FA(\017)g Fv(Mouseman)283 1706 y FA(\017)g Fv(MouseSystems)283 1825 y FA(\017)g Fv(PS/2)283 1944 y FA(\017)g Fv(MMHitTab)200 2092 y(BusMouse)e FB(should)e(b)r(e)h(used)f(for)h(the)f(Logitec)n(h)g (busmouse.)40 b(Note)23 b(that)g(older)g(Logitec)n(h)g(mice)g(should)h(use) 200 2167 y Fv(Logitech)p FB(,)d(but)d(new)n(er)h(Logitec)n(h)e(mice)i(use)f (either)g Fv(Microsoft)i FB(or)f Fv(Mouseman)h FB(proto)r(cols.)25 b(This)20 b(is)g(a)f(case)f(in)200 2243 y(whic)n(h)g(the)g(proto)r(col)e(do)r (esn't)g(necessarily)h(ha)n(v)n(e)i(an)n(ything)e(to)h(do)g(with)g(the)f(mak) n(e)h(of)g(the)f(mouse.)283 2347 y Fv(Device)j FB(sp)r(eci\014es)d(the)i (device)g(\014le)g(where)f(the)h(mouse)e(can)i(b)r(e)f(accessed.)26 b(On)20 b(most)e(Lin)n(ux)h(systems,)g(this)200 2423 y(is)f Fv(/dev/mouse)p FB(.)26 b Fv(/dev/mouse)18 b FB(is)h(usually)f(a)f(link)i(to) e(the)g(appropriate)e(serial)j(p)r(ort)e(\(suc)n(h)h(as)h Fv(/dev/cua0)p 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y(#)g(These)h(values)g(are)g(for)f(a)h(CTX)f(5468NI)h(only!)g(Don't)g (attempt)g(to)g(use)443 3405 y(#)f(them)h(with)g(your)g(monitor)g(\(unless)g (you)g(have)f(this)h(model\))p eop %%Page: 155 170 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(5.1.)49 b(The)22 b(X)f(Windo)n(w)g (System)1516 b FB(155)443 177 y Fr(Bandwidth)106 b(60)443 247 y(HorizSync)g(30-38,47-50)443 316 y(VertRefresh)54 b(50-90)443 455 y(#)26 b(Modes:)h(Name)158 b(dotclock)53 b(horiz)420 b(vert)443 594 y(ModeLine)27 b("640x480")54 b(25)183 b(640)27 b(664)g(760)f(800)158 b(480)26 b(491)h(493)f(525)443 663 y(ModeLine)h("800x600")54 b(36)183 b(800)27 b(824)g(896)f(1024)132 b(600)26 b(601)h(603)f(625)443 732 y(ModeLine)h("1024x768")h(65)183 b(1024)27 b(1088)g(1200)g(1328)53 b(768)26 b(783)h(789)f(818)338 871 y(EndSection)283 1019 y FB(The)19 b Fv(Identifier)i FB(line)f(is)g(used)f(to)h(giv)n(e)g(an)f (arbitrary)g(name)f(to)h(the)g Fv(Monitor)i FB(en)n(try)-5 b(.)29 b(This)20 b(can)f(b)r(e)g(an)n(y)200 1094 y(string;)f(y)n(ou)g(will)i (use)d(it)i(to)e(refer)g(to)h(the)f Fv(Monitor)i FB(en)n(try)f(later)f(in)i (the)e Fv(XF86Config)i FB(\014le.)283 1199 y(they)f(are)f(listed)h(b)r(elo)n (w.)283 1303 y Fv(HorizSync)i FB(sp)r(eci\014es)e(the)g(v)m(alid)j(horizon)n (tal)d(sync)h(frequencies)f(for)h(y)n(our)g(monitor,)f(in)i(kHz.)28 b(If)20 b(y)n(ou)g(ha)n(v)n(e)200 1379 y(a)j(m)n(ultisync)f(monitor,)h(this)g (can)g(b)r(e)f(a)h(range)f(of)h(v)m(alues)f(\(or)h(sev)n(eral)f (comma-separate)o(d)e(ranges\),)i(as)h(seen)200 1454 y(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e.)h(If) 19 b(y)n(ou)f(ha)n(v)n(e)h(a)f(\014xed-frequency)e(monitor,)h(this)h(will)i (b)r(e)d(a)h(list)h(of)f(discrete)e(v)m(alues,)i(suc)n(h)g(as:)443 1587 y Fr(HorizSync)106 b(31.5,)27 b(35.2,)g(37.9,)g(35.5,)g(48.95)200 1726 y FB(Y)-5 b(our)26 b(monitor)e(man)n(ual)i(should)f(list)i(these)e(v)m (alues)h(in)h(the)e(tec)n(hnical)h(sp)r(eci\014cations)d(section.)48 b(If)27 b(y)n(ou)g(do)200 1801 y(not)20 b(ha)n(v)n(e)h(this)f(information)e 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y(the)16 b(monitor)g(at)g(this)h(resolution.)23 b FA(h)p Fp(horiz-v)m(alues)p FA(i)16 b FB(and)g FA(h)p Fp(v)n(ert-v)m(alues)p FA(i)g FB(are)g(four)h(n)n(um)n(b)r(ers)e(eac)n(h)i(whic)n(h)g(sp)r(ecify)200 3149 y(when)h(the)g(electron)e(gun)i(of)h(the)f(monitor)e(should)i(\014re,)h (and)f(when)g(the)g(horizon)n(tal)f(and)h(v)n(ertical)h(sync)f(pulses)200 3225 y(\014re)f(during)h(a)g(sw)n(eep.)283 3329 y(Ho)n(w)k(can)f(y)n(ou)h (determine)d(the)i Fv(ModeLine)h FB(v)m(alues)g(for)f(y)n(our)h(monitor?)33 b(The)22 b(\014le)f Fv(VideoModes.doc)p FB(,)j(in-)200 3405 y(cluded)f(with)g(the)g(XF)-5 b(ree86)22 b(distribution,)h(describ)r(es)f(in) h(detail)g(ho)n(w)h(to)f(determine)e(these)h(v)m(alues)h(for)g(eac)n(h)p eop %%Page: 156 171 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(5.1.)49 b(The)22 b(X)f(Windo)n(w)g (System)1516 b FB(156)200 108 y(resolution)16 b(mo)r(de)g(that)g(y)n(our)i (monitor)d(supp)r(orts.)23 b(First)17 b(of)h(all,)g FA(h)p Fp(clo)r(c)n(k)p FA(i)f 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b(Note)20 b(that)g(man)n(y)h(14)h(and)f(15-inc)n(h)g(monitors)200 2770 y(cannot)c(supp)r(ort)g(higher)i(resolution)e(mo)r(des,)h(and)g(often)g (resolutions)g(of)h(1024x768)e(at)i(lo)n(w)h(dot)e(clo)r(c)n(ks.)27 b(This)200 2846 y(means)14 b(that)h(if)h(y)n(ou)g(can't)f(\014nd)h(high)f (resolution)g(mo)r(des)e(for)j(y)n(our)g(monitor)d(in)k(these)d(\014les,)j (then)d(y)n(our)i(monitor)200 2922 y(probably)h(do)r(es)g(not)h(supp)r(ort)d (those)i(resolution)g(mo)r(des.)283 3026 y(If)e(y)n(ou)h(are)e(completely)f (at)h(a)h(loss,)h(and)f(can't)f(\014nd)g(w)n(orking)i Fv(ModeLine)f FB(v)m(alues)g(for)f(y)n(our)i(monitor,)e(y)n(ou)h(can)200 3102 y(follo)n(w)k(the)e(instructions)f(in)i(the)f Fv(VideoModes.doc)i FB(\014le)f(included)f(in)h(the)f(XF)-5 b(ree86)17 b(distribution)f(to)i (generate)200 3178 y Fv(ModeLine)k FB(v)m(alues)f(from)f(the)g(sp)r (eci\014cations)e(listed)j(in)h(y)n(our)f(monitor's)e(man)n(ual.)33 b(While)22 b(y)n(our)f(mileage)f(will)200 3253 y(certainly)c(v)m(ary)g(when)g (attempting)e(to)i(generate)e Fv(ModeLine)k FB(v)m(alues)e(b)n(y)h(hand,)g (this)f(is)i(a)e(go)r(o)r(d)f(place)h(to)g(lo)r(ok)h(if)200 3329 y(y)n(ou)g(can't)e(\014nd)h(the)f(v)m(alues)h(that)f(y)n(ou)i(need.)23 b Fv(VideoModes.doc)17 b FB(also)f(describ)r(es)e(the)i(format)e(of)i(the)g Fv(ModeLine)200 3405 y FB(directiv)n(e)i(and)f(other)g(asp)r(ects)f(of)i(the) f(XF)-5 b(ree86)17 b(serv)n(er)g(in)i(gory)f(detail.)p eop %%Page: 157 172 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(5.1.)49 b(The)22 b(X)f(Windo)n(w)g (System)1516 b FB(157)283 108 y(Lastly)-5 b(,)25 b(if)e(y)n(ou)h(do)f(obtain) f Fv(ModeLine)i FB(v)m(alues)f(whic)n(h)g(are)g(almost,)g(but)g(not)f(quite,) j(righ)n(t,)f(then)e(it)i(ma)n(y)200 184 y(b)r(e)19 b(p)r(ossible)f(to)h (simply)h(mo)r(dify)e(the)h(v)m(alues)g(sligh)n(tly)h(to)f(obtain)g(the)f (desired)h(result.)27 b(F)-5 b(or)20 b(example,)f(if)h(while)200 259 y(running)d(XF)-5 b(ree86)16 b(the)h(image)g(on)g(the)g(monitor)f(is)i (shifted)f(sligh)n(tly)-5 b(,)20 b(or)d(seems)f(to)h(\\roll",)h(y)n(ou)g(can) g(follo)n(w)g(the)200 335 y(instructions)e(in)j(the)f Fv(VideoModes.doc)h FB(\014le)g(to)f(try)g(to)g(\014x)h(these)e(v)m(alues.)25 b(Also,)19 b(b)r(e)e(sure)h(to)g(c)n(hec)n(k)g(the)g(knobs)200 411 y(and)e(con)n(trols)g (on)g(the)g(monitor)f(itself)t(!)24 b(In)17 b(man)n(y)f(cases)f(it)i(is)g (necessary)e(to)h(c)n(hange)g(the)g(horizon)n(tal)f(or)i(v)n(ertical)200 486 y(size)22 b(of)g(the)g(displa)n(y)h(after)e(starting)f(up)i(XF)-5 b(ree86)21 b(in)i(order)e(for)h(the)f(image)g(to)h(b)r(e)g(cen)n(tered)e(and) h(b)r(e)h(of)g(the)200 562 y(appropriate)16 b(size.)24 b(Ha)n(ving)18 b(these)f(con)n(trols)g(on)h(the)f(fron)n(t)g(of)i(the)e(monitor)f(can)i (certainly)f(mak)n(e)g(life)i(easier.)283 666 y(Y)-5 b(ou)18 b(shouldn't)f(use)h(monitor)e(timing)h(v)m(alues)h(or)g Fv(ModeLine)h FB(v)m(alues)f(for)g(monitors)e(other)g(than)i(the)f(mo)r(del)-2526 b Fn(3)200 742 y FB(that)15 b(y)n(ou)h(o)n(wn.)24 b(If)17 b(y)n(ou)f(attempt) d(to)j(driv)n(e)g(the)f(monitor)g(at)g(a)h(frequency)f(for)g(whic)n(h)i(it)f (w)n(as)g(not)f(designed,)h(y)n(ou)200 818 y(can)h(damage)f(or)i(ev)n(en)g (destro)n(y)f(it.)283 922 y(The)23 b(next)g(section)f(of)h(the)g Fv(XF86Config)h FB(\014le)g(is)g Fv(Device)p FB(,)i(whic)n(h)d(sp)r (eci\014es)f(parameters)e(for)j(y)n(our)g(video)200 998 y(card.)h(Here)17 b(is)h(an)g(example.)338 1131 y Fr(Section)28 b("Device")548 1201 y(Identifier)f("#9)g(GXE)f(64")548 1339 y(#)g(Nothing)h(yet;)g(we)f (fill)h(in)g(these)f(values)h(later.)338 1478 y(EndSection)283 1618 y FB(This)c(section)f(de\014nes)f(prop)r(erties)f(for)j(a)f(particular)g (video)g(card.)38 b Fv(Identifier)24 b FB(is)f(an)g(arbitrary)e(string)200 1693 y(describing)c(the)g(card;)h(y)n(ou)g(will)i(use)d(this)h(string)g(to)f (refer)g(to)h(the)f(card)g(later.)283 1798 y(Initially)-5 b(,)19 b(y)n(ou)e(don't)f(need)f(to)h(include)h(an)n(ything)f(in)h(the)e Fv(Device)j FB(section,)e(except)f(for)h Fv(Identifier)p FB(.)25 b(This)200 1873 y(is)e(b)r(ecause)e(w)n(e)i(will)h(b)r(e)e(using)g(the)g(X)g (serv)n(er)g(itself)h(to)f(prob)r(e)f(for)i(the)e(prop)r(erties)f(of)j(the)f (video)h(card,)g(and)200 1949 y(en)n(tering)16 b(them)g(in)n(to)h(the)g Fv(Device)h FB(section)e(later.)23 b(The)17 b(XF)-5 b(ree86)16 b(serv)n(er)h(is)g(capable)g(of)g(probing)f(for)h(the)f(video)200 2025 y(c)n(hipset,)i(clo)r(c)n(ks,)g(RAMD)n(A)n(C,)g(and)g(amoun)n(t)e(of)i (video)g(RAM)g(on)g(the)f(b)r(oard.)283 2129 y(Before)i(w)n(e)i(do)f(this,)h (ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)h(w)n(e)f(need)e(to)h(\014nish)g(writing)g(the)g Fv(XF86Config)h FB(\014le.)32 b(The)20 b(next)g(section)f(is)200 2205 y Fv(Screen)p FB(,)g(whic)n(h)g(sp)r(eci\014es)d(the)h(monitor/video)f (card)h(com)n(bination)f(to)i(use)f(for)h(a)g(particular)f(serv)n(er.)365 2347 y Fr(Section)27 b("Screen")469 2416 y(Driver)132 b("Accel")469 2486 y(Device)g("#9)26 b(GXE)h(64")469 2555 y(Monitor)106 b("CTX)27 b(5468)f(NI")469 2625 y(Subsection)i("Display")574 2694 y(Depth)157 b(16)574 2763 y(Modes)g("1024x768")28 b("800x600")g("640x480")574 2833 y(ViewPort)79 b(0)27 b(0)574 2902 y(Virtual)105 b(1024)27 b(768)469 2972 y(EndSubsection)365 3041 y(EndSection)283 3189 y FB(The)18 b Fv(Driver)h FB(line)f(sp)r(eci\014es)e(the)i(X)g(serv)n(er)f (that)g(y)n(ou)i(will)g(b)r(e)f(using.)24 b(The)18 b(v)m(alue)g(v)m(alues)g (for)f Fv(Driver)i FB(are:)283 3329 y FA(\017)27 b Fv(Accel)p FB(:)33 b(F)-5 b(or)22 b(the)f Fv(XF86)p 852 3329 18 3 v 21 w(S3)p FB(,)i Fv(XF86)p 1085 3329 V 21 w(Mach32)p FB(,)h Fv(XF86)p 1435 3329 V 21 w(Mach8)p FB(,)g Fv(XF86)p 1756 3329 V 21 w(8514)p FB(,)f Fv(XF86)p 2047 3329 V 22 w(P9000)p FB(,)g Fv(XF86)p 2368 3329 V 21 w(AGX)p FB(,)g(and)338 3405 y Fv(XF86)p 457 3405 V 22 w(W32)18 b FB(serv)n(ers;)p eop %%Page: 158 173 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(5.1.)49 b(The)22 b(X)f(Windo)n(w)g (System)1516 b FB(158)283 108 y FA(\017)27 b Fv(SVGA)p FB(:)19 b(F)-5 b(or)19 b(the)e Fv(XF86)p 802 108 18 3 v 21 w(SVGA)i FB(serv)n(er;)283 228 y FA(\017)27 b Fv(VGA16)p FB(:)f(F)-5 b(or)18 b(the)f Fv(XF86)p 837 228 V 21 w(VGA16)i FB(serv)n(er;)283 347 y FA(\017)27 b Fv(VGA2)p FB(:)f(F)-5 b(or)18 b(the)f Fv(XF86)p 808 347 V 21 w(Mono)i FB(serv)n(er;)283 467 y FA(\017)27 b Fv(Mono)p FB(:)f(F)-5 b(or)18 b(the)f(non-V)n(GA)h(mono)r(c)n(hrome)c(driv)n (ers)k(in)h(the)e Fv(XF86)p 1727 467 V 21 w(Mono)i FB(and)f Fv(XF86)p 2107 467 V 21 w(VGA16)h FB(serv)n(ers.)200 615 y(Y)-5 b(ou)18 b(should)f(b)r(e)h(sure)f(that)g Fv(/usr/X11R6/bin/X)i FB(is)g(a)f(sym)n(b)r(olic)f(link)j(to)d(the)h(serv)n(er)f(that)g(y)n(ou)i (are)e(using.)283 720 y(The)f Fv(Device)i FB(line)f(sp)r(eci\014es)e(the)h Fv(Identifier)i FB(of)f(the)f Fv(Device)h FB(section)f(corresp)r(onding)d(to) k(the)f(video)g(card)200 796 y(to)i(use)f(for)h(this)g(serv)n(er.)24 b(Ab)r(o)n(v)n(e,)18 b(w)n(e)g(created)e(a)i Fv(Device)h FB(section)e(with)h (the)f(line)338 937 y Fr(Identifier)28 b("#9)f(GXE)f(64")200 1086 y FB(Therefore,)16 b(w)n(e)j(use)e Fv("#9)30 b(GXE)f(64")18 b FB(on)g(the)g Fv(Device)g FB(line)h(here.)283 1190 y(Similarly)-5 b(,)17 b(the)f Fv(Monitor)g FB(line)h(sp)r(eci\014es)d(the)h(name)g(of)g(the) h Fv(Monitor)g FB(section)f(to)g(b)r(e)h(used)f(with)h(this)g(serv)n(er.)200 1266 y(Here,)h Fv("CTX)29 b(5468)h(NI")18 b FB(is)h(the)e Fv(Identifier)i FB(used)f(in)g(the)g Fv(Monitor)h FB(section)d(describ)r(ed)g(ab)r(o)n(v)n (e.)283 1370 y Fv(Subsection)30 b("Display")21 b FB(de\014nes)e(sev)n(eral)i (prop)r(erties)d(of)i(the)g(XF)-5 b(ree86)20 b(serv)n(er)g(corresp)r(onding)d (to)j(y)n(our)200 1446 y(monitor/video)c(card)h(com)n(bination.)23 b(The)18 b Fv(XF86Config)h FB(\014le)f(describ)r(es)e(all)j(of)f(these)f (options)g(in)i(detail;)f(most)200 1521 y(of)g(them)e(are)i(icing)g(on)g(the) f(cak)n(e)h(and)g(not)f(necessary)g(to)g(get)g(the)h(system)e(w)n(orking.)283 1626 y(The)i(options)f(that)g(y)n(ou)h(should)g(kno)n(w)g(ab)r(out)f(are:)283 1774 y FA(\017)27 b Fv(Depth)p FB(.)34 b(De\014nes)20 b(the)g(n)n(um)n(b)r (er)f(of)i(color)f(planes|the)f(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)h(of)g(bits)h(p)r(er)f (pixel.)33 b(Usually)-5 b(,)22 b Fv(Depth)g FB(is)338 1850 y(set)c(to)h(8.)26 b(F)-5 b(or)19 b(the)f Fv(VGA16)i FB(serv)n(er,)f(y)n(ou)g (w)n(ould)g(use)f(a)h(depth)f(of)g(4,)i(and)e(for)g(the)g(mono)r(c)n(hrome)d (serv)n(er)j(a)338 1925 y(depth)g(of)i(1.)28 b(If)19 b(y)n(ou)h(are)f(using)g (an)g(accelerated)d(video)j(card)g(with)g(enough)f(memory)f(to)i(supp)r(ort)e (more)338 2001 y(bits)k(p)r(er)f(pixel,)j(y)n(ou)f(can)e(set)h Fv(Depth)g FB(to)g(16,)h(24,)g(or)f(32.)33 b(If)21 b(y)n(ou)h(ha)n(v)n(e)f (problems)e(with)j(depths)d(higher)338 2077 y(than)f(8,)g(set)f(it)i(bac)n(k) f(to)g(8)g(and)f(attempt)e(to)j(debug)f(the)g(problem)g(later.)283 2197 y FA(\017)27 b Fv(Modes)p FB(.)43 b(This)24 b(is)h(the)e(list)h(of)g (video)g(mo)r(de)e(names)g(whic)n(h)i(ha)n(v)n(e)h(b)r(een)d(de\014ned)h (using)g(the)h Fv(ModeLine)338 2272 y FB(directiv)n(e)14 b(in)h(the)f Fv(Monitor)h FB(section.)22 b(In)15 b(the)e(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e)h(section,)h(w)n (e)f(used)g Fv(ModeLines)h FB(named)e Fv("1024x768")p FB(,)338 2348 y Fv("800x600")p FB(,)20 b(and)d Fv("640x48"0)p FB(.)26 b(Therefore,)16 b(w)n(e)j(use)e(a)h Fv(Modes)h FB(line)g(of)696 2462 y Fr(Modes)105 b("1024x768")28 b("800x600")f("640x480")338 2581 y FB(The)16 b(\014rst)f(mo)r(de)g(listed)h(on)g(this)g(line)g(will)i(b)r (e)d(the)h(default)f(when)g(XF)-5 b(ree86)15 b(starts)f(up.)24 b(After)15 b(XF)-5 b(ree86)15 b(is)338 2657 y(running,)i(y)n(ou)g(can)f (switc)n(h)h(b)r(et)n(w)n(een)e(the)i(mo)r(des)d(listed)j(here)f(using)g(the) g(k)n(eys)p 2032 2610 143 3 v 2032 2674 3 64 v 37 w Fr(ctrl)p 2172 2674 V 2032 2676 143 3 v 19 w FB(-)p 2192 2610 117 3 v 2192 2674 3 64 v 19 w Fr(alt)p 2306 2674 V 2192 2676 117 3 v 20 w FB(-)p 2327 2610 274 3 v 2327 2674 3 64 v 19 w Fr(numeric)27 b(+)p 2598 2674 V 2327 2676 274 3 v 338 2733 a FB(and)p 446 2686 143 3 v 446 2750 3 64 v 37 w Fr(ctrl)p 586 2750 V 446 2752 143 3 v 19 w FB(-)p 606 2686 117 3 v 606 2750 3 64 v 20 w Fr(alt)p 721 2750 V 606 2752 117 3 v 19 w FB(-)p 741 2686 274 3 v 741 2750 3 64 v 19 w Fr(numeric)g(-)p 1012 2750 V 741 2752 274 3 v 19 w FB(.)338 2831 y(It)e(migh)n(t)f(b)r(e)g(b)r(est,)h(when)f (initially)i(con\014guring)d(XF)-5 b(ree86,)25 b(to)f(use)g(lo)n(w)n(er)h (resolution)f(video)g(mo)r(des,)338 2906 y(suc)n(h)17 b(as)h(640x480,)e(whic) n(h)h(tend)g(to)g(w)n(ork)g(on)g(most)f(systems.)23 b(Once)16 b(y)n(ou)i(ha)n(v)n(e)g(the)e(basic)h(con\014guration)338 2982 y(w)n(orking)i(y)n(ou)f(can)g(mo)r(dify)f Fv(XF86Config)i FB(to)e(supp)r(ort) f(higher)i(resolutions.)283 3102 y FA(\017)27 b Fv(Virtual)p FB(.)e(Sets)16 b(the)h(virtual)g(desktop)e(size.)24 b(XF)-5 b(ree86)16 b(has)g(the)h(abilit)n(y)h(to)e(use)h(an)n(y)g(additional)g (memory)338 3178 y(on)23 b(y)n(our)f(video)h(card)e(to)i(extend)e(the)h(size) g(of)g(y)n(our)h(desktop.)37 b(When)22 b(y)n(ou)h(mo)n(v)n(e)f(the)g(mouse)f (p)r(oin)n(ter)338 3253 y(to)j(the)f(edge)g(of)h(the)f(displa)n(y)-5 b(,)27 b(the)c(desktop)g(will)i(scroll,)h(bringing)d(the)g(additional)h (space)e(in)n(to)i(view.)338 3329 y(Therefore,)d(ev)n(en)h(if)g(y)n(ou)g(are) f(running)g(at)g(a)h(lo)n(w)n(er)g(video)g(resolution)e(suc)n(h)i(as)f (800x600,)h(y)n(ou)g(can)f(set)338 3405 y Fv(Virtual)f FB(to)f(the)f(total)h (resolution)e(whic)n(h)j(y)n(our)f(video)g(card)g(can)f(supp)r(ort)f(\(a)i (1-megab)n(yte)e(video)i(card)p eop %%Page: 159 174 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(5.1.)41 b(The)22 b(X)g(Windo)n(w)f (System)1523 b FB(159)338 108 y(can)20 b(supp)r(ort)f(1024x768)g(at)h(a)g (depth)f(of)i(8)g(bits)f(p)r(er)f(pixel;)k(a)e(2-megab)n(yte)d(card)i (1280x1024)f(at)h(depth)338 184 y(8,)g(or)e(1024x768)g(at)g(depth)g(16\).)26 b(Of)19 b(course,)f(the)g(en)n(tire)g(area)g(will)j(not)d(b)r(e)g(visible)i (at)e(once,)h(but)f(it)h(can)338 259 y(still)g(b)r(e)f(used.)338 357 y(The)i Fv(Virtual)h FB(feature)d(is)i(a)h(nice)e(w)n(a)n(y)i(to)f (utilize)g(the)f(memory)f(of)i(y)n(our)g(video)g(card,)g(but)f(it)i(is)f (rather)338 433 y(limited.)k(If)17 b(y)n(ou)h(w)n(an)n(t)f(to)f(use)h(a)g (true)e(virtual)i(desktop,)g(w)n(e)g(suggest)e(using)i Fv(fvwm)p FB(,)h(or)e(a)h(similar)g(windo)n(w)338 508 y(manager,)25 b(instead.)43 b Fv(fvwm)25 b FB(allo)n(ws)h(y)n(ou)f(to)f(ha)n(v)n(e)h(rather)e(large)h (virtual)h(desktops)e(\(implemen)n(ted)f(b)n(y)338 584 y(hiding)e(windo)n (ws,)f(and)g(so)g(forth,)g(instead)f(of)h(actually)f(storing)g(the)h(en)n (tire)f(desktop)g(in)i(video)f(memory)338 660 y(at)j(once\).)37 b(See)22 b(the)f(man)h(pages)f(for)h Fv(fvwm)h FB(for)f(more)f(details)h(ab)r (out)f(this;)k(most)c(Lin)n(ux)i(systems)e(use)338 736 y Fv(fvwm)e FB(b)n(y)g(default.)283 855 y FA(\017)27 b Fv(ViewPort)p FB(.)e(If)14 b(y)n(ou)h(are)f(using)g(the)g Fv(Virtual)h FB(option)e(describ)r(ed)g(ab)r (o)n(v)n(e,)i Fv(ViewPort)g FB(sets)f(the)f(co)r(ordinates)338 931 y(of)19 b(the)e(upp)r(er-left-hand)f(corner)h(of)h(the)g(virtual)g (desktop)f(when)h(XF)-5 b(ree86)17 b(starts)f(up.)25 b Fv(Virtual)30 b(0)f(0)19 b FB(is)338 1007 y(often)i(used;)i(if)f(this)f(is)h(unsp)r (eci\014ed)d(then)i(the)f(desktop)h(is)h(cen)n(tered)d(on)i(the)g(virtual)g (desktop)g(displa)n(y)338 1082 y(\(whic)n(h)d(ma)n(y)g(b)r(e)g(undesirable)e (to)i(y)n(ou\).)283 1231 y(Man)n(y)g(other)f(options)g(for)h(this)g(section)f (exist;)h(see)g(the)f Fv(XF86Config)i FB(man)e(page)g(for)h(a)g(complete)e (descrip-)200 1306 y(tion.)24 b(In)18 b(practice)f(these)f(other)h(options)g (are)h(not)f(necessary)f(to)i(get)f(XF)-5 b(ree86)17 b(initially)i(w)n (orking.)200 1501 y Fh(5.1.4)75 b(Filling)28 b(in)d(video)h(card)f (information)200 1641 y FB(Y)-5 b(our)19 b Fv(XF86Config)h FB(\014le)f(is)h(no)n(w)g(ready)f(to)g(go,)g(with)h(the)e(exception)g(of)h (complete)e(information)h(on)h(the)f(video)200 1716 y(card.)28 b(What)19 b(w)n(e're)g(going)g(to)g(do)g(is)h(use)f(the)g(X)h(serv)n(er)e(to) h(prob)r(e)f(for)h(the)g(rest)g(of)g(this)g(information,)f(and)i(\014ll)200 1792 y(it)e(in)n(to)h Fv(XF86Config)p FB(.)283 1896 y(Instead)25 b(of)h(probing)g(for)g(this)g(information)f(with)h(the)g(X)g(serv)n(er,)i (the)e Fv(XF86Config)h FB(v)m(alues)g(for)f(man)n(y)200 1972 y(cards)d(are)g(listed)h(in)g(the)f(\014les)h Fv(modeDB.txt)p FB(,)j Fv(AccelCards)p FB(,)g(and)c Fv(Devices)p FB(.)43 b(These)23 b(\014les)h(are)f(all)i(found)e(in)200 2048 y Fv(/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc)p FB(.)45 b(In)25 b(addition,)g(there)e(are)h(v)m(arious)g Fv(README)h FB(\014les)f(for)g(certain)f(c)n(hipsets.)43 b(Y)-5 b(ou)200 2124 y(should)21 b(lo)r(ok)g(in)h(these)e(\014les)h(for)g(information)e(on)j (y)n(our)f(video)h(card,)f(and)g(use)g(that)f(information)f(\(the)i(clo)r(c)n (k)200 2199 y(v)m(alues,)c(c)n(hipset)e(t)n(yp)r(e,)h(and)g(an)n(y)g (options\))f(in)h(the)g Fv(XF86Config)h FB(\014le.)24 b(If)16 b(an)n(y)h(information)d(is)i(missing,)g(y)n(ou)h(can)200 2275 y(prob)r(e)f(for)i(it)g(as)g(describ)r(ed)e(here.)283 2379 y(In)21 b(these)f(examples)g(w)n(e)i(will)h(demonstrate)17 b(con\014guration)i(for)i(a)g(#9)g(GXE)h(64)f(video)g(card,)g(whic)n(h)h (uses)200 2455 y(the)f Fv(XF86)p 418 2455 18 3 v 22 w(S3)h FB(c)n(hipset.)36 b(This)23 b(card)e(happ)r(ens)f(to)i(b)r(e)f(the)h(one)f (whic)n(h)h(the)g(author)e(uses,)j(but)f(the)f(discussion)200 2531 y(here)c(applies)h(to)g(an)n(y)g(video)g(card.)283 2635 y(The)i(\014rst)f(thing)g(to)g(do)h(is)g(to)g(determine)d(the)i(video)h(c)n (hipset)f(used)g(on)g(the)h(card.)28 b(Running)19 b Fv(SuperProbe)200 2711 y FB(\(found)g(in)h Fv(/usr/X11R6/bin)p FB(\))g(will)i(tell)e(y)n(ou)g (this)f(information,)g(but)g(y)n(ou)h(need)f(to)h(kno)n(w)g(the)f(c)n(hipset) g(name)200 2787 y(as)f(it)g(is)h(kno)n(wn)f(to)g(the)f(X)h(serv)n(er.)283 2891 y(T)-5 b(o)19 b(do)e(this,)i(run)e(the)h(command)338 3039 y Fr(X)27 b(-showconfig)200 3187 y FB(This)22 b(will)i(giv)n(e)f(the)e(c)n (hipset)g(names)g(kno)n(wn)h(to)g(y)n(our)g(X)g(serv)n(er.)36 b(\(The)21 b(man)g(pages)g(for)h(eac)n(h)f(X)h(serv)n(er)g(list)200 3263 y(these)17 b(as)h(w)n(ell.\))25 b(F)-5 b(or)18 b(example,)f(with)i(the)e (accelerated)e Fv(XF86)p 1523 3263 V 21 w(S3)k FB(serv)n(er,)f(w)n(e)g (obtain:)338 3405 y Fr(XFree86)28 b(Version)f(3.1)f(/)h(X)f(Window)h(System)p eop %%Page: 160 175 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(5.1.)49 b(The)22 b(X)f(Windo)n(w)g (System)1516 b FB(160)338 108 y Fr(\(protocol)28 b(Version)f(11,)g(revision)g (0,)g(vendor)g(release)g(6000\))338 177 y(Operating)h(System:)f(Linux)338 247 y(Configured)h(drivers:)391 316 y(S3:)e(accelerated)i(server)f(for)g(S3)f (graphics)i(adaptors)f(\(Patchlevel)h(0\))495 385 y(mmio_928,)g(s3_generic) 283 530 y FB(The)20 b(v)m(alid)h(c)n(hipset)e(names)g(for)h(this)g(serv)n(er) f(are)h Fv(mmio)p 1468 530 18 3 v 21 w(928)h FB(and)f Fv(s3)p 1765 530 V 21 w(generic)p FB(.)31 b(The)20 b Fv(XF86)p 2267 530 V 21 w(S3)h FB(man)e(page)200 605 y(describ)r(es)d(these)h(c)n(hipsets)g (and)h(whic)n(h)g(video)r(cards)f(use)g(them.)24 b(In)18 b(the)f(case)h(of)g (the)f(#9)i(GXE)f(64)g(video)g(card,)200 681 y Fv(mmio)p 319 681 V 21 w(928)h FB(is)f(appropriate.)283 785 y(If)i(y)n(ou)h(don't)f(kno)n (w)g(whic)n(h)g(c)n(hipset)g(to)g(use,)g(the)f(X)h(serv)n(er)g(can)f(prob)r (e)g(it)h(for)g(y)n(ou.)31 b(T)-5 b(o)21 b(do)f(this,)g(run)g(the)200 861 y(command)338 1005 y Fr(X)27 b(-probeonly)g(>)g(/tmp/x.out)g(2>&1)200 1150 y FB(if)19 b(y)n(ou)f(use)g Fv(bash)h FB(as)f(y)n(our)g(shell.)25 b(If)18 b(y)n(ou)h(use)e Fv(csh)p FB(,)i(try:)338 1294 y Fr(X)27 b(-probeonly)g(&>)g(/tmp/x.out)283 1438 y FB(Y)-5 b(ou)20 b(should)g(run)g (this)g(command)e(while)j(the)e(system)g(is)i(unloaded,)g(that)e(is,)j(while) f(no)f(other)f(activit)n(y)i(is)200 1514 y(o)r(ccurring)g(on)i(the)g(system.) 39 b(This)24 b(command)d(will)k(also)e(prob)r(e)f(for)h(y)n(our)g(video)h (card)e(dot)h(clo)r(c)n(ks)g(\(as)g(seen)200 1590 y(b)r(elo)n(w\),)18 b(and)f(system)g(load)h(can)f(thro)n(w)h(o\013)g(this)g(calculation.)283 1694 y(The)g(output)e(from)h(the)g(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e)h(\(in)g 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(for)i(and)f(found)g(a)i(video)f(card)f(using)h(the)f Fv(mmio)p 2005 2740 V 21 w(928)i FB(c)n(hipset.)283 2844 y(In)j(the)e Fv(Device)i FB(section)f(of)g(the)g Fv(XF86Config)h FB(\014le,)h(add)e(a)g Fv(Chipset)i FB(line,)g(con)n(taining)d(the)h(name)f(of)h(the)200 2920 y(c)n(hipset)c(as)h(determined)d(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e.)25 b(F)-5 b(or)18 b(example,)338 3058 y Fr(Section)28 b("Device")548 3127 y(#)e(We)g(already)i(had)e(Identifier)i(here...)548 3197 y(Identifier)f("#9)g(GXE)f(64")548 3266 y(#)g(Add)g(this)h(line:)548 3335 y(Chipset)g("mmio_928")338 3405 y(EndSection)p eop %%Page: 161 176 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(5.1.)49 b(The)22 b(X)f(Windo)n(w)g (System)1516 b FB(161)283 108 y(No)n(w)17 b(w)n(e)h(need)e(to)h(determine)d (the)j(driving)g(clo)r(c)n(k)g(frequencies)f(used)g(b)n(y)i(the)f(video)g (card.)23 b(A)17 b(driving)h(clo)r(c)n(k)200 184 y(frequency)-5 b(,)17 b(or)h(dot)f(clo)r(c)n(k,)h(is)g(simply)g(a)f(rate)g(at)g(whic)n(h)h 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b(virtual)g(clocks)707 b(default-mode)54 b(flags)365 863 y(ET4000)79 b(1024)53 b(1024)27 b(768)78 b(25)53 b(28)g(38)f(36)h(40)f(45)h(32)79 b(0)52 b("1024x768")200 997 y FB(As)18 b(w)n(e)g(can)g(see,)g(the)f(dot)g(clo)r(c)n(ks)h(for)g(this)g (card)f(are)g(25,)h(28,)h(38,)f(36,)g(40,)g(45,)g(32,)g(and)g(0)g(MHz.)283 1102 y(In)g(the)g Fv(Devices)h FB(section)e(of)i(the)e Fv(XF86Config)i FB(\014le,)g(y)n(ou)g(should)f(add)g(a)g Fv(Clocks)h FB(line)g(con)n(taining) e(the)h(list)200 1177 y(of)g(dot)f(clo)r(c)n(ks)h(for)g(y)n(our)g(card.)24 b(F)-5 b(or)18 b(example,)f(for)h(the)f(clo)r(c)n(ks)h(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e,)g(w)n (e)h(w)n(ould)f(add)g(the)f(line)548 1305 y Fr(Clocks)27 b(25)f(28)h(38)f(36) g(40)h(45)f(32)h(0)200 1439 y FB(to)21 b(the)g Fv(Devices)h FB(section)e(of)i(the)e(\014le,)j(after)d Fv(Chipset)p FB(.)36 b(Note)20 b(that)g(the)h(order)f(of)i(the)e(clo)r(c)n(ks)i(is)g(imp)r(ortan)n (t!)200 1515 y(Don't)c(resort)e(the)i(list)g(of)g(clo)r(c)n(ks)g(or)g(remo)n (v)n(e)f(duplicates.)283 1619 y(If)23 b(y)n(ou)g(cannot)d(\014nd)i(the)g(dot) g(clo)r(c)n(ks)g(asso)r(ciated)e(with)i(y)n(our)g(card,)h(the)f(X)g(serv)n (er)g(can)g(prob)r(e)f(for)h(these)200 1695 y(as)c(w)n(ell.)25 b(Using)18 b(the)f Fv(X)29 b(-probeonly)19 b FB(command)c(describ)r(ed)g(ab)r (o)n(v)n(e,)j(the)f(output)g(should)g(con)n(tain)g(lines)h(whic)n(h)200 1770 y(lo)r(ok)g(lik)n(e)h(the)f(follo)n(wing:)338 1898 y Fr(\(--\))27 b(S3:)g(clocks:)53 b(25.18)g(28.32)g(38.02)g(36.15)g(40.33)g(45.32)g(32.00)h (00.00)200 2032 y FB(W)-5 b(e)19 b(could)f(then)f(add)h(a)g Fv(Clocks)i FB(line)f(con)n(taining)e(all)i(of)g(these)e(v)m(alues,)h(as)h (prin)n(ted.)25 b(Y)-5 b(ou)18 b(can)f(use)h(more)f(than)200 2108 y(one)23 b Fv(Clocks)i FB(line)f(in)h Fv(XF86Config)f FB(should)g(all)h(of)e(the)h(v)m(alues)f(\(sometimes)e(there)h(are)h(more)g (than)g(8)h(clo)r(c)n(k)200 2183 y(v)m(alues)c(prin)n(ted\))f(not)h(\014t)g (on)n(to)f(one)h(line.)31 b(Again,)21 b(b)r(e)f(sure)f(to)h(k)n(eep)g(the)g (list)g(of)h(clo)r(c)n(ks)e(in)i(order)e(as)h(they)g(are)200 2259 y(prin)n(ted.)283 2363 y(Be)e(sure)e(that)g(there)g(is)i(no)f Fv(Clocks)h FB(line)g(\(or)f(that)f(it)h(is)h(commen)n(ted)c(out\))i(in)i (the)f Fv(Devices)h FB(section)e(of)h(the)200 2439 y(\014le)j(when)e(using)i Fv(X)29 b(-probeonly)20 b FB(to)f(prob)r(e)f(for)h(the)g(clo)r(c)n(ks.)28 b(If)20 b(there)e(is)i(a)f Fv(Clocks)i FB(line)f(presen)n(t,)e(the)h(serv)n (er)200 2515 y(will)h Fu(not)k FB(prob)r(e)16 b(for)i(the)g(clo)r(c)n(ks|it)f (will)j(use)e(the)f(v)m(alues)h(giv)n(en)g(in)h Fv(XF86Config)p FB(.)283 2619 y(Note)g(that)f(some)h(accelerated)e(video)i(b)r(oards)g(use)g (a)h(programmable)c(clo)r(c)n(k)k(c)n(hip.)30 b(\(See)18 b(the)i Fv(XF86)p 2437 2619 18 3 v 21 w(Accel)200 2695 y FB(man)e(page)g(for)g (details;)h(this)g(generally)f(applies)h(to)f(S3,)h(A)n(GX,)h(and)e(X)n(GA-2) h(b)r(oards.\))25 b(This)19 b(c)n(hip)g(essen)n(tially)200 2770 y(allo)n(ws)d(the)f(X)h(serv)n(er)f(to)g(tell)g(the)g(card)g(whic)n(h)h (dot)f(clo)r(c)n(ks)g(to)g(use.)23 b(If)16 b(this)f(is)i(the)d(case,)i(then)e (y)n(ou)i(ma)n(y)g(not)f(\014nd)200 2846 y(a)h(list)g(of)f(dot)g(clo)r(c)n (ks)g(for)g(the)g(card)f(in)i(an)n(y)g(of)g(the)e(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e)i(\014les.) 23 b(Or,)17 b(the)e(list)h(of)f(dot)g(clo)r(c)n(ks)g(prin)n(ted)g(when)g (using)200 2922 y Fv(X)29 b(-probeonly)21 b FB(will)g(only)f(con)n(tain)f (one)g(or)g(t)n(w)n(o)i(discrete)d(clo)r(c)n(k)h(v)m(alues,)h(with)g(the)f (rest)g(b)r(eing)f(duplicates)h(or)200 2998 y(zero.)283 3102 y(F)-5 b(or)22 b(b)r(oards)e(whic)n(h)i(use)f(a)g(programmable)d(clo)r(c)n(k) j(c)n(hip,)j(y)n(ou)e(w)n(ould)f(use)h(a)f Fv(ClockChip)i FB(line,)g(instead) d(of)200 3178 y(a)j Fv(Clocks)i FB(line,)g(in)f(y)n(our)g Fv(XF86Config)g FB(\014le.)41 b Fv(ClockChip)24 b FB(giv)n(es)g(the)f(name)f(of)h(the)g(clo)r (c)n(k)g(c)n(hip)h(as)f(used)g(b)n(y)200 3253 y(the)g(video)h(card;)i(the)c (man)h(pages)g(for)g(eac)n(h)g(serv)n(er)g(describ)r(e)f(what)h(these)f(are.) 41 b(F)-5 b(or)24 b(example,)g(in)g(the)f(\014le)200 3329 y Fv(README.S3)p FB(,)k(w)n(e)e(see)f(that)f(sev)n(eral)h(S3-864)g(video)g (cards)f(use)h(an)g(\\ICD2061A")f(clo)r(c)n(k)h(c)n(hip,)j(and)d(that)f(w)n (e)200 3405 y(should)18 b(use)f(the)h(line)p eop %%Page: 162 177 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(5.1.)49 b(The)22 b(X)f(Windo)n(w)g (System)1516 b FB(162)548 108 y Fr(ClockChip)27 b("icd2061a")200 256 y FB(instead)13 b(of)h Fv(Clocks)g FB(in)h(the)e Fv(XF86Config)i FB(\014le.)23 b(As)13 b(with)h Fv(Clocks)p FB(,)i(this)e(line)g(should)g(go)f (in)h(the)g Fv(Devices)g FB(section,)200 332 y(after)j Fv(Chipset)p FB(.)283 436 y(Similarly)-5 b(,)39 b(some)32 b(accelerated)f(cards)h(require) h(y)n(ou)i(to)e(sp)r(ecify)g(the)g(RAMD)n(A)n(C)h(c)n(hip)g(t)n(yp)r(e)f(in)h (the)200 512 y Fv(XF86Config)18 b FB(\014le,)f(using)g(a)g Fv(Ramdac)g FB(line.)25 b(The)16 b Fv(XF86)p 1348 512 18 3 v 21 w(Accel)i FB(man)e(page)g(describ)r(es)e(this)j(option.)23 b(Usually)-5 b(,)18 b(the)200 588 y(X)g(serv)n(er)f(will)j(correctly)c(prob)r (e)h(for)h(the)f(RAMD)n(A)n(C.)283 692 y(Some)33 b(video)h(card)f(t)n(yp)r (es)g(require)h(y)n(ou)g(to)g(sp)r(ecify)g(sev)n(eral)f(options)h(in)g(the)g Fv(Devices)h FB(section)d(of)200 768 y Fv(XF86Config)p FB(.)41 b(These)23 b(options)f(will)j(b)r(e)e(describ)r(ed)e(in)j(the)e(man)h(page)f (for)h(y)n(our)h(serv)n(er,)g(as)f(w)n(ell)i(as)e(in)h(the)200 844 y(v)m(arious)d(\014les)h(\(suc)n(h)f(as)h Fv(README.cirrus)h FB(or)e Fv(README.S3)p FB(.)37 b(These)21 b(options)f(are)h(enabled)g(using)h (the)f Fv(Option)200 919 y FB(line.)k(F)-5 b(or)18 b(example,)g(the)f(#9)h (GXE)g(64)g(card)f(requires)g(t)n(w)n(o)i(options:)548 1068 y Fr(Option)27 b("number_nine")548 1144 y(Option)g("dac_8_bit")200 1292 y FB(Usually)-5 b(,)25 b(the)d(X)g(serv)n(er)h(will)h(w)n(ork)f(without) f(these)f(options,)i(but)f(they)h(are)f(necessary)f(to)h(obtain)g(the)g(b)r (est)200 1368 y(p)r(erformance.)e(There)d(are)f(to)r(o)g(man)n(y)h(suc)n(h)g (options)g(to)g(list)g(here,)g(and)g(they)g(eac)n(h)g(dep)r(end)e(on)i(the)g (particular)200 1444 y(video)h(card)f(b)r(eing)h(used.)24 b(If)18 b(y)n(ou)h(m)n(ust)e(use)h(one)f(of)i(these)d(options,)i(fear)f(not|the)g(X)h (serv)n(er)g(man)f(pages)g(and)200 1519 y(v)m(arious)h(\014les)g(in)g Fv(/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc)i FB(will)f(tell)g(y)n(ou)f(what)g(they)f(are.)283 1624 y(So,)i(when)e(y)n(ou're)i(\014nished,)f(y)n(ou)h(should)e(end)h(up)g (with)h(a)f Fv(Devices)h FB(section)e(whic)n(h)i(lo)r(oks)f(something)e(lik)n (e)200 1699 y(this:)338 1848 y Fr(Section)28 b("Device")548 1924 y(#)e(Device)h(section)g(for)g(the)f(#9)h(GXE)f(64)h(only)g(!)548 1999 y(Identifier)g("#9)g(GXE)f(64")548 2075 y(Chipset)h("mmio_928")548 2151 y(ClockChip)g("icd2061a")548 2227 y(Option)g("number_nine")548 2302 y(Option)g("dac_8_bit")338 2378 y(EndSection)200 2527 y FB(Most)19 b(video)g(cards)g(will)i(require)e(a)g Fv(Clocks)i FB(line,)f(instead)f(of)g Fv(ClockChip)p FB(,)j(as)d(describ)r(ed)e(ab)r(o)n (v)n(e.)29 b(The)20 b(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e)200 2602 y Fv(Device)g FB(en)n(try)f(is)h(only)g(v)m(alid)g(for)f(a)g(particular)f(video)h(card,)h (the)e(#9)i(GXE)f(64.)28 b(It)19 b(is)h(giv)n(en)g(here)f(only)g(as)h(an)200 2678 y(example.)283 2782 y(There)h(are)h(other)f(options)h(that)f(y)n(ou)i (can)f(include)g(in)h(the)f Fv(Devices)h FB(en)n(try)-5 b(.)38 b(Chec)n(k)22 b(the)g(X)h(serv)n(er)e(man)200 2858 y(pages)c(for)h(the)f (gritt)n(y)h(details,)g(but)f(the)h(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e)f(should)h(su\016ce)f(for) h(most)f(systems.)200 3052 y Fh(5.1.5)75 b(Running)24 b(XF)-6 b(ree86)200 3192 y FB(With)17 b(y)n(our)g Fv(XF86Config)g FB(\014le)g (con\014gured,)e(y)n(ou're)i(ready)g(to)f(\014re)g(up)h(the)f(X)h(serv)n(er)f (and)g(giv)n(e)i(it)f(a)g(spin.)24 b(First,)200 3268 y(b)r(e)17 b(sure)h(that)f Fv(/usr/X11R6/bin)i FB(is)f(on)g(y)n(our)h(path.)283 3373 y(The)f(command)d(to)j(start)e(up)i(XF)-5 b(ree86)17 b(is)p eop %%Page: 163 178 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(5.1.)49 b(The)22 b(X)f(Windo)n(w)g (System)1516 b FB(163)338 108 y Fr(startx)200 248 y FB(This)18 b(is)h(a)f(fron)n(t-end)f(to)h Fv(xinit)h FB(\(in)f(case)f(y)n(ou're)h(used)f (to)h(using)g Fv(xinit)h FB(on)e(other)g(UNIX)g(systems\).)283 352 y(This)g(command)d(will)k(start)e(the)g(X)h(serv)n(er)f(and)g(run)h(the)f (commands)e(found)i(in)h(the)f(\014le)h Fv(.xinitrc)h FB(in)f(y)n(our)200 428 y(home)d(directory)-5 b(.)23 b Fv(.xinitrc)17 b FB(is)f(just)f(a)h(shell) g(script)f(con)n(taining)g(X)h(clien)n(ts)g(to)f(run.)24 b(If)16 b(this)f(\014le)h(do)r(es)f(not)g(exist,)200 504 y(the)i(system)g(default)g Fv(/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xinit/xinitrc)j FB(will)g(b)r(e)d(used.)283 608 y(A)h(standard)e Fv(.xinitrc)j FB(\014le)f(lo)r(oks)g(lik)n(e)h(this:)338 742 y Fr(#!/bin/sh)338 881 y(xterm)27 b(-fn)g(7x13bold)g(-geometry)h (80x32+10+50)g(&)338 950 y(xterm)f(-fn)g(9x15bold)g(-geometry)h(80x34+30-10)g (&)338 1019 y(oclock)f(-geometry)h(70x70-7+7)f(&)338 1089 y(xsetroot)h (-solid)f(midnightblue)h(&)338 1228 y(exec)f(twm)200 1368 y FB(This)18 b(script)f(will)i(start)d(up)i(t)n(w)n(o)g Fv(xterm)h FB(clien)n(ts,)f(an)f Fv(oclock)p FB(,)i(and)f(set)f(the)g(ro)r(ot)f(windo)n (w)i(\(bac)n(kground\))d(color)200 1443 y(to)k Fv(midnightblue)p FB(.)29 b(It)19 b(will)i(then)e(start)e(up)j Fv(twm)p FB(,)g(the)f(windo)n(w) g(manager.)26 b(Note)18 b(that)g Fv(twm)i FB(is)g(executed)d(with)200 1519 y(the)k(shell's)h Fv(exec)g FB(statemen)n(t;)f(this)g(causes)g(the)g Fv(xinit)h FB(pro)r(cess)d(to)j(b)r(e)f(replaced)f(with)h Fv(twm)p FB(.)36 b(Once)21 b(the)g Fv(twm)200 1595 y FB(pro)r(cess)g(exits,)k(the)d(X) h(serv)n(er)g(will)h(sh)n(ut)f(do)n(wn.)40 b(Y)-5 b(ou)22 b(can)h(cause)f Fv(twm)i FB(to)e(exit)h(b)n(y)h(using)f(the)g(ro)r(ot)e(men)n(us:)200 1671 y(depress)g(mouse)g(button)g(1)h(on)h(the)e(desktop)h(bac)n (kground|this)e(will)k(displa)n(y)g(a)e(p)r(op)g(up)g(men)n(u)g(whic)n(h)h (will)200 1746 y(allo)n(w)c(y)n(ou)g(to)e Fv(Exit)29 b(Twm)p FB(.)283 1851 y(Be)19 b(sure)e(that)h(the)f(last)i(command)c(in)k Fv(.xinitrc)g FB(is)g(started)e(with)h Fv(exec)p FB(,)i(and)e(that)f(it)i(is) g(not)f(placed)f(in)n(to)200 1926 y(the)j(bac)n(kground)e(\(no)i(amp)r (ersand)d(on)j(the)g(end)g(of)g(the)g(line\).)31 b(Otherwise)19 b(the)h(X)g(serv)n(er)g(will)i(sh)n(ut)e(do)n(wn)g(as)200 2002 y(so)r(on)d(as)h(it)g(has)g(started)e(the)h(clien)n(ts)h(in)h(the)e Fv(.xinitrc)i FB(\014le.)283 2106 y(Alternately)-5 b(,)22 b(y)n(ou)g(can)g (exit)g(X)f(b)n(y)i(pressing)p 1279 2059 143 3 v 1279 2123 3 64 v 40 w Fr(ctrl)p 1419 2123 V 1279 2125 143 3 v 19 w FB(-)p 1439 2059 117 3 v 1439 2123 3 64 v 19 w Fr(alt)p 1553 2123 V 1439 2125 117 3 v 20 w FB(-)p 1574 2059 274 3 v 1574 2134 3 75 v 19 w Fr(backspace)p 1845 2134 V 1574 2136 274 3 v 42 w FB(in)g(com)n(bination.)34 b(This)22 b(will)i(kill)200 2182 y(the)17 b(X)h(serv)n(er)g(directly)-5 b(,)18 b(exiting)g(the)f(windo)n(w)i (system.)283 2286 y(The)14 b(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e)g(is)h(a)f(v)n(ery)-5 b(,)17 b(v)n(ery)e(simple)e(desktop)h(con\014guration.)20 b(Man)n(y)15 b(w)n(onderful)e(programs)f(and)i(con\014gura-)200 2362 y(tions)h(are)f(a)n (v)m(ailable)i(with)f(a)g(bit)h(of)f(w)n(ork)g(on)g(y)n(our)h Fv(.xinitrc)g FB(\014le.)24 b(F)-5 b(or)15 b(example,)g(the)f Fv(fvwm)i FB(windo)n(w)g(manager)200 2438 y(will)j(pro)n(vide)e(a)g(virtual)g (desktop,)f(and)h(y)n(ou)g(can)g(customize)e(colors,)h(fon)n(ts,)i(windo)n(w) f(sizes)g(and)f(p)r(ositions,)h(and)200 2514 y(so)i(forth)e(to)h(y)n(our)h (heart's)f(con)n(ten)n(t.)25 b(Although)17 b(the)g(X)i(Windo)n(w)g(System)e (migh)n(t)h(app)r(ear)f(to)h(b)r(e)g(simplistic)g(at)200 2589 y(\014rst,)g(it)g(is)h(extremely)d(p)r(o)n(w)n(erful)i(once)f(y)n(ou)h (customize)e(it)i(for)g(y)n(ourself.)283 2694 y(If)k(y)n(ou)g(are)f(new)g(to) h(the)f(X)g(Windo)n(w)h(System)e(en)n(vironmen)n(t,)h(w)n(e)h(strongly)f (suggest)f(pic)n(king)i(up)g(a)g(b)r(o)r(ok)200 2769 y(suc)n(h)f(as)h Fu(The)h(X)g(Window)h(System:)32 b(A)23 b(User's)h(Guide)t FB(.)35 b(Using)21 b(and)g(con\014guring)f(X)h(is)h(far)g(to)r(o)e(in-depth)h (to)200 2845 y(co)n(v)n(er)d(here.)24 b(See)17 b(the)g(man)g(pages)g(for)h Fv(xterm)p FB(,)h Fv(oclock)p FB(,)g(and)f Fv(twm)h FB(for)e(clues)h(on)g (getting)e(started.)200 3038 y Fh(5.1.6)75 b(Running)24 b(in)n(to)i(trouble) 200 3178 y FB(Often,)e(something)e(will)j(not)d(b)r(e)h(quite)g(righ)n(t)h (when)f(y)n(ou)h(initially)g(\014re)f(up)h(the)e(X)i(serv)n(er.)40 b(This)24 b(is)g(almost)200 3253 y(alw)n(a)n(ys)19 b(caused)e(b)n(y)i(a)g (problem)d(in)j(y)n(our)g Fv(XF86Config)g FB(\014le.)25 b(Usually)-5 b(,)19 b(the)f(monitor)e(timing)i(v)m(alues)g(are)g(o\013,)h(or)200 3329 y(the)g(video)h(card)f(dot)h(clo)r(c)n(ks)f(set)h(incorrectly)-5 b(.)29 b(If)20 b(y)n(our)g(displa)n(y)h(seems)e(to)g(roll,)j(or)d(the)h (edges)e(are)i(fuzzy)-5 b(,)21 b(this)200 3405 y(is)e(a)g(clear)f(indication) g(that)f(the)h(monitor)f(timing)h(v)m(alues)g(or)h(dot)e(clo)r(c)n(ks)i(are)f (wrong.)25 b(Also)19 b(b)r(e)f(sure)f(that)h(y)n(ou)p eop %%Page: 164 179 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(5.2.)49 b(Accessing)22 b(MS-DOS)g(Files)1478 b FB(164)200 108 y(are)20 b(correctly)e(sp)r(ecifying)h (y)n(our)i(video)f(card)f(c)n(hipset,)i(as)f(w)n(ell)h(as)f(other)f(options)g (for)h(the)g Fv(Device)g FB(section)f(of)200 184 y Fv(XF86Config)p FB(.)24 b(Be)13 b(absolutely)g(certain)f(that)g(y)n(ou)h(are)g(using)g(the)f (righ)n(t)h(X)h(serv)n(er)e(and)h(that)f Fv(/usr/X11R6/bin/X)200 259 y FB(is)19 b(a)f(sym)n(b)r(olic)f(link)i(to)f(this)g(serv)n(er.)283 364 y(If)g(all)h(else)f(fails,)h(try)f(to)g(start)e(X)i(\\bare";)f(that)g (is,)i(use)f(a)g(command)d(suc)n(h)j(as:)338 512 y Fr(X)27 b(>)f(/tmp/x.out)i(2>&1)200 661 y FB(Y)-5 b(ou)22 b(can)g(then)g(kill)i(the)e (X)g(serv)n(er)g(\(using)g(the)p 1253 614 143 3 v 1253 677 3 64 v 41 w Fr(ctrl)p 1393 677 V 1253 679 143 3 v 19 w FB(-)p 1413 614 117 3 v 1413 677 3 64 v 19 w Fr(alt)p 1527 677 V 1413 679 117 3 v 20 w FB(-)p 1548 614 274 3 v 1548 688 3 75 v 19 w Fr(backspace)p 1819 688 V 1548 690 274 3 v 43 w FB(k)n(ey)h(com)n (bination\))e(and)h(examine)200 736 y(the)c(con)n(ten)n(ts)f(of)i Fv(/tmp/x.out)p FB(.)27 b(The)19 b(X)f(serv)n(er)g(will)j(rep)r(ort)16 b(an)n(y)j(w)n(arnings)g(or)f(errors|for)f(example,)h(if)h(y)n(our)200 812 y(video)f(card)f(do)r(esn't)g(ha)n(v)n(e)h(a)g(dot)g(clo)r(c)n(k)g (corresp)r(onding)c(to)k(a)g(mo)r(de)e(supp)r(orted)g(b)n(y)j(y)n(our)f (monitor.)283 916 y(The)f(\014le)f Fv(VideoModes.doc)i FB(included)f(in)g (the)f(XF)-5 b(ree86)15 b(distribution)h(con)n(tains)g(man)n(y)g(hin)n(ts)h (for)f(t)n(w)n(eaking)200 992 y(the)h(v)m(alues)h(in)h(y)n(our)f Fv(XF86Config)h FB(\014le.)283 1096 y(Remem)n(b)r(er)e(that)i(y)n(ou)i(can)f (use)p 994 1049 143 3 v 994 1113 3 64 v 38 w Fr(ctrl)p 1134 1113 V 994 1115 143 3 v 20 w FB(-)p 1154 1049 117 3 v 1154 1113 3 64 v 19 w Fr(alt)p 1268 1113 V 1154 1115 117 3 v 19 w FB(-)p 1288 1049 274 3 v 1288 1113 3 64 v 20 w Fr(numeric)27 b(+)p 1560 1113 V 1288 1115 274 3 v 40 w FB(and)p 1693 1049 143 3 v 1693 1113 3 64 v 38 w Fr(ctrl)p 1833 1113 V 1693 1115 143 3 v 20 w FB(-)p 1853 1049 117 3 v 1853 1113 3 64 v 19 w Fr(alt)p 1967 1113 V 1853 1115 117 3 v 19 w FB(-)p 1987 1049 274 3 v 1987 1113 3 64 v 20 w Fr(numeric)g(-)p 2259 1113 V 1987 1115 274 3 v 39 w FB(to)20 b(switc)n(h)h(b)r(e-)200 1172 y(t)n(w)n(een)c(the)g(video)g(mo)r(des)f(listed)h(on)g(the)g Fv(Modes)h FB(line)g(of)f(the)g Fv(Screen)h FB(section)e(of)i Fv(XF86Config)p FB(.)25 b(If)18 b(the)e(highest)200 1248 y(resolution)k(mo)r (de)g(do)r(esn't)g(lo)r(ok)h(righ)n(t,)i(try)f(switc)n(hing)f(to)g(lo)n(w)n (er)h(resolutions.)34 b(This)22 b(will)h(let)e(y)n(ou)h(kno)n(w,)i(at)200 1324 y(least,)18 b(that)f(those)g(parts)f(of)j(y)n(our)f(X)g(con\014guration) d(are)i(w)n(orking)i(correctly)-5 b(.)283 1428 y(Also,)25 b(c)n(hec)n(k)e (the)f(v)n(ertical)h(and)g(horizon)n(tal)f(size/hold)g(knobs)g(on)h(y)n(our)h (monitor.)37 b(In)24 b(man)n(y)e(cases)g(it)i(is)200 1504 y(necessary)13 b(to)i(adjust)f(these)g(when)g(starting)g(up)g(X.)i(F)-5 b(or)15 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y(Ho)r(oking)j(up)g(a)h(small)g(LAN)f(of)h (UNIX)f(mac)n(hines)f(is)j(easy)-5 b(.)33 b(It)21 b(simply)g(requires)f(an)g (Ethernet)f(con)n(troller)200 2087 y(in)i(eac)n(h)f(mac)n(hine)f(and)h(the)g (appropriate)e(Ethernet)g(cables)h(and)h(other)f(hardw)n(are.)31 b(Or,)21 b(if)g(y)n(our)g(business)f(or)200 2163 y(univ)n(ersit)n(y)f(pro)n (vides)e(access)g(to)h(the)f(In)n(ternet,)g(y)n(ou)h(can)g(easily)g(add)g(y)n (our)g(Lin)n(ux)h(mac)n(hine)d(to)i(this)g(net)n(w)n(ork.)283 2267 y(The)e(curren)n(t)f(implemen)n(tation)e(of)j(TCP/IP)f(and)h(related)f (proto)r(cols)f(for)i(Lin)n(ux)g(is)h(called)f(\\NET-2".)23 b(This)200 2343 y(has)18 b(no)g(relationship)f(to)h(the)g(so-called)g(NET-2)g (release)f(of)h(BSD)h(UNIX;)f(instead,)f(\\NET-2")h(in)g(this)h(con)n(text) 200 2418 y(means)d(the)i(second)e(implemen)n(tation)g(of)i(TCP/IP)f(for)h (Lin)n(ux.)283 2523 y(Lin)n(ux)e(NET-2)f(also)g(supp)r(orts)f(SLIP|Serial)g (Line)h(In)n(ternet)f(Proto)r(col.)21 b(SLIP)15 b(allo)n(ws)h(y)n(ou)g(to)f 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y(with)f(the)g(IP)g(address)e(of)i(y)n(our)h(gatew)n (a)n(y)-5 b(.)338 1109 y(In)23 b(fact,)f(y)n(ou)g(ma)n(y)g(ha)n(v)n(e)h(m)n (ultiple)f(gatew)n(a)n(ys.)36 b(A)22 b Fu(gateway)h FB(is)g(simply)f(a)g(mac) n(hine)f(that)g(liv)n(es)i(on)f(t)n(w)n(o)338 1184 y(di\013eren)n(t)d(net)n (w)n(orks)g(\(has)g(IP)g(addresses)e(on)i(di\013eren)n(t)g(subnets\),)f(and)h (routes)f(pac)n(k)n(ets)h(b)r(et)n(w)n(een)f(them.)338 1260 y(Man)n(y)f(net)n(w)n(orks)e(ha)n(v)n(e)i(a)f(single)g(gatew)n(a)n(y)f(to)h (\\the)f(outside)g(w)n(orld")h(\(the)e(net)n(w)n(ork)i(directly)f(adjacen)n (t)g(to)338 1336 y(y)n(our)i(o)n(wn\),)f(but)g(in)h(some)d(cases)h(y)n(ou)i (will)h(ha)n(v)n(e)e(m)n(ultiple)g(gatew)n(a)n(ys|one)f(for)h(eac)n(h)g (adjacen)n(t)e(net)n(w)n(ork.)338 1430 y(If)23 b(y)n(ou're)g(only)h(using)e (lo)r(opbac)n(k,)i(y)n(ou)f(don't)f(ha)n(v)n(e)i(a)f(gatew)n(a)n(y)f (address.)38 b(The)22 b(same)g(is)h(true)f(if)h(y)n(our)338 1506 y(net)n(w)n(ork)18 b(is)h(isolated)e(from)g(all)i(others.)283 1618 y 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Fv(rc.inet2)d FB(\014les)f(from)f(scratc)n(h)f(and)i(add)g (en)n(tries)f(for)h(them)e(to)i Fv(/etc/inittab)p FB(.)283 1026 y(As)e(w)n(e)i(said,)f Fv(rc.inet1)h FB(con\014gures)c(the)i(basic)g (net)n(w)n(ork)h(in)n(terface.)23 b(This)17 b(includes)f(y)n(our)h(IP)f(and)h (net)n(w)n(ork)200 1102 y(address,)i(and)g(the)g(routing)g(table)g (information)e(for)j(y)n(our)f(net)n(w)n(ork.)30 b(The)19 b(routing)g(tables) f(are)h(used)g(to)h(route)200 1178 y(outgoing)i(\(and)h(incoming\))g(net)n(w) n(ork)g(datagrams)e(to)j(other)e(mac)n(hines.)41 b(On)24 b(most)f(simple)g (con\014gurations,)200 1254 y(y)n(ou)e(ha)n(v)n(e)f(three)f(routes:)27 b(One)20 b(for)g(sending)f(pac)n(k)n(ets)h(to)g(y)n(our)g(o)n(wn)h(mac)n (hine,)f(another)e(for)i(sending)f(pac)n(k)n(ets)200 1329 y(to)j(other)e(mac) n(hines)h(on)h(y)n(our)g(net)n(w)n(ork,)h(and)f(another)e(for)h(sending)h (pac)n(k)n(ets)f(to)h(mac)n(hines)e(outside)h(of)h(y)n(our)200 1405 y(net)n(w)n(ork)h(\(through)e(the)i(gatew)n(a)n(y)f(mac)n(hine\).)39 b(Tw)n(o)24 b(programs)c(are)j(used)g(to)f(con\014gure)g(these)f(parameters:) 200 1481 y Fv(ifconfig)e FB(and)f Fv(route)p FB(.)25 b(Both)17 b(of)h(these)f(are)h(usually)g(found)f(in)i Fv(/etc)p FB(.)283 1585 y Fv(ifconfig)c FB(is)f(used)g(for)f(con\014guring)f(the)h(net)n(w)n (ork)h(device)f(in)n(terface)g(with)h(the)f(parameters)d(that)j(it)h (requires)200 1661 y(to)j(function,)f(suc)n(h)h(as)f(the)h(IP)g(address,)f (net)n(w)n(ork)g(mask,)h(broadcast)e(address)g(and)i(the)f(lik)n(e.)25 b Fv(route)18 b FB(is)g(used)e(to)200 1737 y(create)g(and)i(mo)r(dify)f(en)n (tries)g(in)i(the)e(routing)g(table.)283 1841 y(F)-5 b(or)22 b(most)d(con\014gurations,)h(an)h Fv(rc.inet1)h FB(\014le)g(that)e(lo)r(oks)h (lik)n(e)i(the)d(follo)n(wing)i(should)f(w)n(ork.)35 b(Y)-5 b(ou)21 b(will,)200 1917 y(of)e(course,)f(ha)n(v)n(e)i(to)f(edit)f(this)h (for)g(y)n(our)g(o)n(wn)h(system.)26 b(Do)19 b Fu(not)26 b FB(use)19 b(the)f(sample)g(IP)h(and)g(net)n(w)n(ork)f(addresses)200 1992 y(listed)g(here)f(for)h(y)n(our)g(o)n(wn)g(system;)f(they)h(corresp)r (ond)d(to)i(an)h(actual)f(mac)n(hine)g(on)h(the)f(In)n(ternet.)338 2146 y Fr(#!/bin/sh)338 2215 y(#)27 b(This)f(is)h(/etc/rc.d/rc.inet1)i(--)d (Configure)i(the)e(TCP/IP)h(interfaces)338 2354 y(#)g(First,)g(configure)g (the)g(loopback)g(device)338 2493 y(HOSTNAME=`hostname`)338 2631 y(/etc/ifconfig)h(lo)f(127.0.0.1)158 b(#)27 b(uses)f(default)h(netmask)h (255.0.0.0)338 2701 y(/etc/route)g(add)f(127.0.0.1)210 b(#)27 b(a)f(route)h(to)f(point)h(to)g(the)f(loopback)i(device)338 2840 y(#)f(Next,)g(configure)g(the)g(ethernet)g(device.)g(If)g(you're)g(only) g(using)f(loopback)i(or)338 2909 y(#)f(SLIP,)g(comment)g(out)f(the)h(rest)g (of)f(these)h(lines.)338 3048 y(#)g(Edit)f(for)h(your)g(setup.)338 3117 y(IPADDR="128.253.154.32")239 b(#)27 b(REPLACE)g(with)f(YOUR)h(IP)g (address)338 3187 y(NETMASK="255.255.255.0")239 b(#)27 b(REPLACE)g(with)f (YOUR)h(netmask)338 3256 y(NETWORK="128.253.154.0")239 b(#)27 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y(/etc/route)h(add)f(default)g(gw)f(${GATEWAY})i(metric)f(1)338 1010 y(#)g(End)f(of)h(Ethernet)g(Configuration)283 1160 y FB(Again,)15 b(y)n(ou)f(ma)n(y)g(ha)n(v)n(e)h(to)e(t)n(w)n(eak)i(this)e(\014le)i(somewhat) c(to)j(get)f(it)h(to)g(w)n(ork.)24 b(The)13 b(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e)h(should)g(b)r (e)f(su\016cien)n(t)200 1235 y(for)18 b(the)f(ma)s(jorit)n(y)g(of)h(simple)g (net)n(w)n(ork)g(con\014gurations,)d(but)j(certainly)f(not)g(all.)283 1340 y Fv(rc.inet2)k FB(starts)d(up)i(v)m(arious)g(serv)n(ers)f(used)g(b)n(y) i(the)e(TCP/IP)h(suite.)29 b(The)20 b(most)f(imp)r(ortan)n(t)e(of)j(these)f (is)200 1415 y Fv(inetd)p FB(.)25 b Fv(inetd)18 b FB(sits)f(in)g(the)g(bac)n (kground)e(and)i(listens)g(to)g(v)m(arious)f(net)n(w)n(ork)h(p)r(orts.)23 b(When)16 b(a)h(mac)n(hine)f(tries)h(to)200 1491 y(mak)n(e)e(a)g(connection)e (to)i(a)h(certain)e(p)r(ort)g(\(for)g(example,)i(the)e(incoming)g Fv(telnet)i FB(p)r(ort\),)f Fv(inetd)h FB(forks)f(o\013)h(a)f(cop)n(y)200 1567 y(of)i(the)f(appropriate)e(daemon)g(for)j(that)e(p)r(ort)h(\(in)g(the)g (case)g(of)h(the)f Fv(telnet)h FB(p)r(ort,)f Fv(inetd)h FB(starts)f Fv(in.telnetd)p FB(\).)200 1643 y(This)f(is)g(simpler)f(than)f(running)h(man) n(y)g(separate,)f(standalone)g(daemons)f(\(e.g.,)k(individual)f(copies)f(of)g Fv(telnetd)p FB(,)200 1718 y Fv(ftpd)p FB(,)19 b(and)f(so)g(forth\)|)p Fv(inetd)f FB(starts)f(up)i(the)g(daemons)d(only)k(when)e(they)h(are)f (needed.)283 1823 y Fv(syslogd)k FB(is)g(the)f(system)f(logging)h(daemon|it)e (accum)n(ulates)g(log)j(messages)d(from)h(v)m(arious)h(applications)200 1898 y(and)13 b(stores)g(them)f(in)n(to)i(log)f(\014les)h(based)f(on)g(the)g (con\014guration)e(information)h(in)i Fv(/etc/syslogd.conf)p FB(.)25 b Fv(routed)200 1974 y FB(is)f(a)g(serv)n(er)g(used)f(to)g(main)n (tain)g(dynamic)g(routing)f(information.)40 b(When)24 b(y)n(our)g(system)e (attempts)f(to)i(send)200 2050 y(pac)n(k)n(ets)15 b(to)g(another)e(net)n(w)n 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FB(,)h(after)e(connecting)f(with)i Fv(dip)p FB(.)25 b(The)18 b(man)f(pages)g(for)g Fv(ifconfig)i FB(will)h(come)c(in)j(handy)-5 b(.)283 3225 y(Note)19 b(that)g(SLIP)h(device)f(names)g(used)g(with)i(the)e Fv(ifconfig)i FB(and)f Fv(route)h FB(commands)c(are)i Fv(sl0)p FB(,)j Fv(sl1)f FB(and)200 3300 y(so)d(on)g(\(as)f(opp)r(osed)f(to)i Fv(eth0)p FB(,)h Fv(eth1)p FB(,)g(etc.)24 b(for)17 b(Ethernet)f(devices\).) 283 3405 y(In)i(Section)f(5.3.4,)i(b)r(elo)n(w,)f(w)n(e)g(explain)g(ho)n(w)h (to)e(con\014gure)f Fv(dip)j FB(to)f(connect)d(to)j(the)f(SLIP)h(serv)n(er.)p eop %%Page: 175 190 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(5.3.)49 b(Net)n(w)n(orking)20 b(with)h(TCP/IP)1446 b FB(175)200 108 y Fx(5.3.3.2)62 b(Static)21 b(IP)g(address)h(SLIP)g(connections)g(using)g Fv(slattach)200 248 y FB(If)c(y)n(ou)h(ha)n(v)n(e)f(a)g(leased)f(line)h(or)g(cable)f(running) g(directly)h(to)f(y)n(our)h(SLIP)f(serv)n(er,)h(then)f(there)f(is)j(no)e (need)g(to)h(use)200 324 y Fv(dip)h 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n(er)h(the)e(net)n(w)n(ork)h(via)h(the)e(NNTP)h(serv)n(er.)23 b(This)18 b(means)d(that)i(only)g(the)g(NNTP)f(serv)n(er)200 2828 y(actually)i(stores)e(the)i(news)f(articles)g(on)h(disk.)283 2932 y(Here)f(are)g(some)g(p)r(ossible)g(scenarios)g(for)g(news)h (con\014guration.)283 3065 y FA(\017)27 b FB(Y)-5 b(ou)18 b(run)f(news)g(lo)r (cally)-5 b(.)25 b(That)16 b(is,)j(y)n(ou)f(ha)n(v)n(e)g(no)f(net)n(w)n(ork)g (connection,)f(or)h(no)g(desire)g(to)g(run)g(news)g(o)n(v)n(er)338 3141 y(the)22 b(net)n(w)n(ork.)38 b(In)22 b(this)h(case,)g(y)n(ou)g(need)e (to)h(run)g(C)h(News)f(or)g(INN)g(on)g(y)n(our)h(mac)n(hine,)g(and)f(install) g(a)338 3217 y(newsreader)16 b(to)i(read)f(the)g(news)h(lo)r(cally)-5 b(.)283 3329 y FA(\017)27 b FB(Y)-5 b(ou)25 b(ha)n(v)n(e)g(access)e(to)h(a)g (TCP/IP)g(net)n(w)n(ork)g(and)g(an)h(NNTP)e(serv)n(er.)44 b(If)24 b(y)n(our)h(organization)d(has)j(an)338 3405 y(NNTP)20 b(news)g(serv)n(er)h (set)f(up,)h(y)n(ou)h(can)e(read)g(and)g(p)r(ost)f(news)i(from)e(y)n(our)i (Lin)n(ux)g(mac)n(hine)f(b)n(y)h(simply)p eop %%Page: 180 195 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(5.6.)49 b(News)21 b(and)h(USENET)1612 b FB(180)338 108 y(installing)19 b(an)g(NNTP-based)e(newsreader.)24 b(\(Most)18 b(newsreaders)e(a)n(v)m(ailable)k(can)e(b)r(e)g(con\014gured)e (to)j(run)338 184 y(lo)r(cally)24 b(or)e(use)h(NNTP\).)f(In)h(this)g(case,)h (y)n(ou)g(do)e(not)h(need)f(to)h(install)g(a)g(news)g(serv)n(er)f(or)h(store) f(news)338 259 y(articles)d(on)g(y)n(our)h(system.)28 b(The)19 b(newsreader)e(will)22 b(tak)n(e)d(care)g(of)g(reading)g(and)g(p)r(osting)f (news)h(o)n(v)n(er)h(the)338 335 y(net)n(w)n(ork.)k(Of)18 b(course,)e(y)n(ou) i(will)h(need)d(to)h(ha)n(v)n(e)h(TCP/IP)f(con\014gured)e(and)i(ha)n(v)n(e)g (access)f(to)h(the)g(net)n(w)n(ork)338 411 y(\(see)g(Section)g(5.3\).)283 531 y FA(\017)27 b FB(Y)-5 b(ou)20 b(ha)n(v)n(e)h(access)e(to)h(a)h(TCP/IP)e (net)n(w)n(ork)i(but)e(ha)n(v)n(e)i(no)f(NNTP)g(serv)n(er.)31 b(In)20 b(this)h(case,)f(y)n(ou)h(can)f(run)338 606 y(an)k(NNTP)f(news)g (serv)n(er)h(on)f(y)n(our)h(Lin)n(ux)h(system.)40 b(Y)-5 b(ou)24 b(can)f(install)h(either)f(a)h(lo)r(cal)g(or)f(an)h(NNTP-)338 682 y(based)16 b(newsreader,)e(and)i(the)g(serv)n(er)g(will)i(store)d(news)h (articles)f(on)h(y)n(our)h(system.)22 b(In)17 b(addition,)f(y)n(ou)h(can)338 758 y(con\014gure)f(the)i(serv)n(er)f(to)h(comm)n(unicate)c(with)19 b(other)d(NNTP)h(news)h(serv)n(ers)f(to)h(transfer)e(news)i(articles.)283 878 y FA(\017)27 b FB(Y)-5 b(ou)19 b(w)n(an)n(t)h(to)f(transfer)e(news)i (using)g(UUCP)-5 b(.)20 b(If)f(y)n(ou)h(ha)n(v)n(e)g(UUCP)e(access)g(\(see)g (Section)g(5.4\),)i(y)n(ou)g(can)338 954 y(participate)i(in)i(USENET)e(as)i (w)n(ell.)42 b(Y)-5 b(ou)23 b(will)i(need)e(to)g(install)h(a)g(\(lo)r(cal\))e (news)h(serv)n(er)g(and)g(a)h(news)338 1029 y(reader.)33 b(In)21 b(addition,)h(y)n(ou)f(will)i(need)d(to)h(con\014gure)e(y)n(our)j(UUCP)e (soft)n(w)n(are)g(to)h(p)r(erio)r(dically)f(transfer)338 1105 y(news)15 b(articles)f(to)h(another)f(nearb)n(y)g(UUCP)h(mac)n(hine)f(\(kno)n (wn)h(as)g(y)n(our)g(\\news)g(feed"\).)22 b(UUCP)14 b(do)r(es)g(not)338 1181 y(use)k(NNTP)f(to)g(transfer)f(news;)i(simply)-5 b(,)19 b(UUCP)e(pro)n(vides)g(its)h(o)n(wn)g(mec)n(hanism)e(for)h(transferring)f (news)338 1256 y(articles.)283 1405 y(The)j(one)g(do)n(wnside)g(of)g(most)f (news)h(serv)n(er)g(and)g(newsreader)e(soft)n(w)n(are)h(is)i(that)f(it)g(m)n (ust)g(b)r(e)g(compiled)f(b)n(y)200 1481 y(hand.)24 b(Most)17 b(of)h(the)f(news)h(soft)n(w)n(are)f(do)r(es)f(not)i(use)f(con\014guration)e (\014les;)k(instead,)e(con\014guration)e(options)i(are)200 1556 y(determined)e(at)j(compile)f(time.)283 1661 y(Most)28 b(of)h(the)g(\\standard")d(news)j(soft)n(w)n(are)f(\(a)n(v)m(ailable)h(via)h (anon)n(ymous)d(FTP)i(from)f Fv(ftp.uu.net)i FB(in)200 1736 y(the)24 b(directory)g Fv(/news)p FB(\))h(will)i(compile)d(out-of-the)g(b)r (o)n(x)h(on)g(Lin)n(ux.)46 b(Necessary)23 b(patc)n(hes)g(can)i(b)r(e)f(found) h(on)200 1812 y Fv(sunsite.unc.edu)18 b FB(in)f Fv(/pub/Linux/system/Mail)h FB(\(whic)n(h)f(is,)g(inciden)n(tally)-5 b(,)18 b(also)f(where)e(mail)i(soft) n(w)n(are)f(for)200 1888 y(Lin)n(ux)j(is)f(found\).)24 b(Other)17 b(news)g(binaries)h(for)f(Lin)n(ux)i(ma)n(y)f(b)r(e)f(found)h(in)g(this)g (directory)f(as)h(w)n(ell.)283 1992 y(F)-5 b(or)45 b(more)e(information,)49 b(refer)43 b(to)h(the)g(Lin)n(ux)h(News)e(HO)n(WTO)i(from)e Fv(sunsite.unc.edu)j FB(in)200 2068 y Fv(/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO)p FB(.)18 b(Also,)f(the)e(LDP's)h Fu(Linux)i(Network)h(A)m(dministr)m(ator's)i (Guide)c FB(con)n(tains)e(complete)200 2144 y(information)21 b(on)h(con\014guring)f(news)h(soft)n(w)n(are)g(for)h(Lin)n(ux.)39 b(The)22 b(b)r(o)r(ok)g Fu(Managing)j(UUCP)f(and)h(Usenet)p FB(,)h(b)n(y)200 2219 y(Tim)17 b(O'Reilly)i(and)e(Grace)f(T)-5 b(o)r(dino,)17 b(is)h(an)f(excellen)n(t)g(guide)g(to)f(setting)g(up)h(UUCP)g (and)f(news)h(soft)n(w)n(are.)24 b(Also)200 2295 y(of)15 b(in)n(terest)f(is)i (the)f(USENET)f(do)r(cumen)n(t)e(\\Ho)n(w)j(to)g(b)r(ecome)d(a)k(USENET)e (site,")h(a)n(v)m(ailable)h(from)e Fv(ftp.uu.net)p FB(,)200 2371 y(in)19 b(the)e(directory)f Fv(/usenet/news.announce.newusers)p FB(.)p eop %%Page: 181 196 bop 200 571 a Fm(App)t(endix)45 b(A)200 899 y Fy(Sources)54 b(of)f(Lin)l(ux)f(Information)200 1225 y FB(This)23 b(app)r(endix)f(con)n (tains)g(information)f(on)h(v)m(arious)h(sources)e(of)i(Lin)n(ux)g (information,)g(suc)n(h)f(as)h(online)g(do)r(c-)200 1301 y(umen)n(ts,)e(b)r (o)r(oks,)g(and)g(more.)33 b(Man)n(y)21 b(of)h(these)e(do)r(cumen)n(ts)e(are) j(a)n(v)m(ailable)g(either)g(in)g(prin)n(ted)g(form,)g(or)g(elec-)200 1377 y(tronically)g(from)f(the)h(In)n(ternet)e(or)j(BBS)g(systems.)32 b(Man)n(y)22 b(Lin)n(ux)g(distributions)e(also)h(include)g(m)n(uc)n(h)g(of)h (this)200 1452 y(do)r(cumen)n(tation)13 b(in)k(the)f(distribution)f(itself,)i (so)g(after)e(y)n(ou)i(ha)n(v)n(e)g(installed)g(Lin)n(ux)g(these)e(\014les)h (ma)n(y)h(b)r(e)f(presen)n(t)200 1528 y(on)i(y)n(our)g(system.)200 1754 y Ft(A.1)92 b(Online)29 b(Do)s(cumen)m(ts)200 1913 y FB(These)18 b(do)r(cumen)n(ts)d(should)j(b)r(e)g(a)n(v)m(ailable)h(on)f(an)n(y)h(of)f (the)g(Lin)n(ux)h(FTP)f(arc)n(hiv)n(e)h(sites)f(\(see)f(App)r(endix)g(C)i (for)f(a)200 1988 y(list\).)25 b(If)18 b(y)n(ou)h(do)f(not)g(ha)n(v)n(e)g (direct)g(access)e(to)i(FTP)-5 b(,)19 b(y)n(ou)g(ma)n(y)f(b)r(e)f(able)h(to)g (lo)r(cate)f(these)g(do)r(cumen)n(ts)e(on)j(other)200 2064 y(online)h(services)g(\(suc)n(h)g(as)g(CompuServ)n(e,)f(lo)r(cal)h(BBS's,)i (and)e(so)g(on\).)28 b(If)20 b(y)n(ou)g(ha)n(v)n(e)g(access)d(to)i(In)n (ternet)f(mail,)200 2140 y(y)n(ou)d(can)g(use)f(the)h Fv(ftpmail)g FB(service)g(to)f(receiv)n(e)h(these)f(do)r(cucmen)n(ts.)20 b(See)14 b(App)r(endix)g(C)h(for)g(more)e(information.)283 2244 y(In)27 b(particular,)i(the)d(follo)n(wing)i(do)r(cumen)n(ts)c(ma)n(y)j (b)r(e)g(found)f(on)h Fv(sunsite.unc.edu)i FB(in)e(the)g(directory)200 2320 y Fv(/pub/Linux/docs)p FB(.)38 b(Man)n(y)22 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y(information)f(ab)r(out)h(the)h(Lin)n(ux)h(system,)e (and)h(other)f(general)g(topics.)24 b(It)16 b(is)h(a)f(go)r(o)r(d)f(starting) 600 259 y(place)20 b(for)f(the)h(In)n(ternet)e(user)i(wishing)g(to)g(\014nd)f (more)g(information)f(ab)r(out)h(the)g(system.)29 b(It)600 335 y(is)19 b(main)n(tained)d(b)n(y)j(Mic)n(hael)f(K.)h(Johnson,)f Fv(johnsonm@sunsite.unc.edu)p FB(.)200 458 y Fu(The)i(Linux)f(INF)o(O-SHEET) 600 534 y FB(The)g(Lin)n(ux)g(INF)n(O-SHEET)f(is)i(a)f(tec)n(hnical)f(in)n (tro)r(duction)e(to)j(the)f(Lin)n(ux)i(system.)25 b(It)19 b(giv)n(es)600 610 y(an)e(o)n(v)n(erview)g(of)g(the)f(system's)f(features)g(and)h(a)n(v)m (ailable)h(soft)n(w)n(are,)g(and)f(also)h(pro)n(vides)f(a)h(list)600 685 y(of)h(other)f(sources)f(of)j(Lin)n(ux)f(information.)23 b(The)18 b(format)e(and)i(con)n(ten)n(t)f(is)h(similar)g(in)h(nature)600 761 y(to)f(the)f(MET)-5 b(A-F)f(A)n(Q;)19 b(inciden)n(tally)-5 b(,)19 b(it)f(is)h(also)f(main)n(tained)e(b)n(y)j(Mic)n(hael)f(K.)h(Johnson.) 200 885 y 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b(should)h(b)r(e)g(applicable)g(to)h(Lin)n(ux)g(as)g(w) n(ell.)27 b(I)20 b(suggest)d(reading)g(this)i(b)r(o)r(ok)e(if)j(y)n(ou're)p eop %%Page: 185 200 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(A.3.)49 b(Bo)r(oks)20 b(and)i(Other)g (Published)g(W)-5 b(orks)1180 b FB(185)338 108 y(new)18 b(to)g(UNIX)f(and)g (really)i(w)n(an)n(t)f(to)g(get)f(started)f(with)i(using)g(y)n(our)g(new)g (system.)200 318 y Fx(Title:)328 b Fu(L)m(e)m(arning)22 b(the)f Fv(vi)e Fu(Editor)200 409 y Fx(Author:)261 b FB(Linda)18 b(Lam)n(b)200 499 y Fx(Publisher:)197 b FB(O'Reilly)20 b(and)d(Asso)r(ciates,)f(1990)200 589 y Fx(ISBN:)308 b FB(0-937175-67-6,)17 b($21.95)421 771 y(This)25 b(is)h(a)e(b)r(o)r(ok)g(ab)r(out)f(the)h Fv(vi)h FB(editor,)g(a)g(p)r(o)n(w)n(erful)f(text)g(editor)g(found)g(on)g(ev)n(ery)h (UNIX)338 846 y(system)20 b(in)h(the)f(w)n(orld.)33 b(It's)21 b(often)e(imp)r(ortan)n(t)g(to)h(kno)n(w)h(and)f(b)r(e)h(able)f(to)g(use)h Fv(vi)p FB(,)h(b)r(ecause)d(y)n(ou)338 922 y(w)n(on't)g(alw)n(a)n(ys)g(ha)n 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2253 y(SVR4)k(implemen)n(tation)e(on)j(a)g(more)f(tec)n(hnical)g (lev)n(el.)25 b(Although)16 b(Lin)n(ux)j(and)e(SVR4)g(are)h(distan)n(t)338 2328 y(cousins,)e(this)h(b)r(o)r(ok)d(can)i(giv)n(e)h(y)n(ou)g(m)n(uc)n(h)e (insigh)n(t)i(in)n(to)f(the)f(w)n(orkings)i(of)f(an)g(actual)f(UNIX)g(k)n (ernel)338 2404 y(implemen)n(tation.)38 b(This)24 b(is)g(also)g(a)g(v)n(ery)g (mo)r(dern)d(b)r(o)r(ok)h(on)h(the)g(UNIX)g(k)n(ernel|published)g(in)338 2480 y(1994.)p eop %%Page: 188 203 bop 200 571 a Fm(App)t(endix)45 b(B)200 899 y Fy(Lin)l(ux)52 b(V)-13 b(endor)52 b(List)200 1225 y FB(This)18 b(app)r(endix)e(lists)i(con)n (tact)e(information)g(for)h(a)h(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)e(of)h(v)n(endors)g(whic)n(h) h(sell)h(Lin)n(ux)f(on)f(disk)n(ette,)h(tap)r(e,)200 1301 y(and)k(CD-R)n(OM.) j(Man)n(y)e(of)g(them)e(pro)n(vide)i(Lin)n(ux)g(do)r(cumen)n(tation,)e(supp)r (ort,)h(and)h(other)e(services)h(as)h(w)n(ell.)200 1377 y(This)16 b(is)h(b)n(y)g(no)f(means)e(a)j(complete)c(listing;)18 b(if)f(y)n(ou)f(purc)n 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(dify)e(y)n(our)i(cop)n(y)g(or)g(copies)f(of)g(the)g(Program)f(or)h(an)n(y)i (p)r(ortion)d(of)i(it,)g(th)n(us)g(forming)e(a)i(w)n(ork)338 184 y(based)f(on)g(the)g(Program,)e(and)i(cop)n(y)h(and)f(distribute)e(suc)n (h)j(mo)r(di\014cations)c(or)j(w)n(ork)h(under)e(the)h(terms)e(of)338 259 y(Section)j(1)h(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e,)g(pro)n(vided)g(that)f(y)n(ou)i(also)f (meet)e(all)j(of)f(these)f(conditions:)389 390 y(a.)28 b(Y)-5 b(ou)21 b(m)n(ust)g(cause)f(the)g(mo)r(di\014ed)g(\014les)h(to)g(carry)f (prominen)n(t)g(notices)g(stating)g(that)g(y)n(ou)i(c)n(hanged)460 466 y(the)17 b(\014les)h(and)g(the)f(date)g(of)h(an)n(y)h(c)n(hange.)386 564 y(b.)28 b(Y)-5 b(ou)15 b(m)n(ust)f(cause)g(an)n(y)i(w)n(ork)g(that)e(y)n (ou)h(distribute)f(or)h(publish,)h(that)e(in)i(whole)f(or)f(in)i(part)e(con)n (tains)460 640 y(or)h(is)h(deriv)n(ed)g(from)e(the)h(Program)e(or)i(an)n(y)h (part)e(thereof,)h(to)g(b)r(e)f(licensed)h(as)h(a)f(whole)g(at)g(no)h(c)n (harge)460 715 y(to)i(all)h(third)e(parties)g(under)g(the)g(terms)g(of)h (this)g(License.)392 813 y(c.)28 b(If)e(the)g(mo)r(di\014ed)d(program)h (normally)h(reads)g(commands)e(in)n(teractiv)n(ely)j(when)f(run,)j(y)n(ou)e (m)n(ust)460 889 y(cause)15 b(it,)j(when)e(started)e(running)i(for)g(suc)n(h) g(in)n(teractiv)n(e)g(use)g(in)h(the)f(most)f(ordinary)h(w)n(a)n(y)-5 b(,)18 b(to)e(prin)n(t)460 965 y(or)i(displa)n(y)h(an)e(announcemen)n(t)e (including)i(an)h(appropriate)e(cop)n(yrigh)n(t)h(notice)g(and)h(a)g(notice)f (that)460 1040 y(there)k(is)h(no)g(w)n(arran)n(t)n(y)g(\(or)g(else,)h(sa)n (ying)g(that)d(y)n(ou)j(pro)n(vide)f(a)g(w)n(arran)n(t)n(y\))g(and)f(that)g (users)h(ma)n(y)460 1116 y(redistribute)15 b(the)i(program)e(under)h(these)g (conditions,)g(and)h(telling)g(the)g(user)f(ho)n(w)h(to)g(view)h(a)f(cop)n(y) 460 1192 y(of)23 b(this)f(License.)37 b(\(Exception:)32 b(if)24 b(the)e(Program)e(itself)i(is)i(in)n(teractiv)n(e)e(but)g(do)r(es)f(not)h (normally)460 1267 y(prin)n(t)16 b(suc)n(h)g(an)f(announcemen)n(t,)e(y)n(our) j(w)n(ork)h(based)e(on)g(the)g(Program)f(is)i(not)f(required)g(to)h(prin)n(t) g(an)460 1343 y(announcemen)n(t.\))338 1474 y(These)23 b(requiremen)n(ts)f (apply)i(to)f(the)g(mo)r(di\014ed)f(w)n(ork)i(as)g(a)g(whole.)41 b(If)24 b(iden)n(ti\014able)f(sections)g(of)h(that)338 1550 y(w)n(ork)e(are)e(not)g(deriv)n(ed)h(from)e(the)i(Program,)e(and)i(can)f(b)r (e)g(reasonably)f(considered)g(indep)r(enden)n(t)g(and)338 1626 y(separate)d(w)n(orks)j(in)f(themselv)n(es,)f(then)g(this)h(License,)g (and)f(its)i(terms,)d(do)i(not)g(apply)g(to)g(those)f(sections)338 1701 y(when)k(y)n(ou)h(distribute)e(them)f(as)i(separate)e(w)n(orks.)35 b(But)21 b(when)g(y)n(ou)g(distribute)f(the)h(same)f(sections)f(as)338 1777 y(part)f(of)g(a)g(whole)g(whic)n(h)h(is)g(a)f(w)n(ork)h(based)e(on)h (the)f(Program,)g(the)g(distribution)g(of)h(the)g(whole)g(m)n(ust)f(b)r(e)338 1853 y(on)h(the)e(terms)g(of)h(this)g(License,)g(whose)f(p)r(ermissions)f 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b(ma)n(y)f(cop)n(y)h(and)f (distribute)f(the)h(Program)e(\(or)i(a)h(w)n(ork)g(based)f(on)g(it,)i(under)d (Section)g(2\))i(in)g(ob)s(ject)338 2623 y(co)r(de)e(or)h(executable)e(form)h (under)g(the)g(terms)f(of)i(Sections)f(1)h(and)g(2)g(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e)f(pro)n (vided)h(that)f(y)n(ou)i(also)f(do)338 2699 y(one)g(of)g(the)f(follo)n(wing:) 389 2830 y(a.)28 b(Accompan)n(y)10 b(it)j(with)g(the)f(complete)e(corresp)r (onding)f(mac)n(hine-readable)h(source)h(co)r(de,)h(whic)n(h)h(m)n(ust)460 2905 y(b)r(e)k(distributed)f(under)h(the)g(terms)f(of)i(Sections)e(1)i(and)f (2)h(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e)g(on)f(a)h(medium)e(customarily)g(used)460 2981 y(for)i(soft)n(w)n(are)f(in)n(terc)n(hange;)g(or,)386 3079 y(b.)28 b(Accompan)n(y)11 b(it)i(with)g(a)g(written)e(o\013er,)j(v)m (alid)g(for)e(at)h(least)f(three)g(y)n(ears,)i(to)e(giv)n(e)i(an)n(y)f(third) f(part)n(y)-5 b(,)15 b(for)460 3155 y(a)i(c)n(harge)f(no)g(more)f(than)h(y)n (our)h(cost)f(of)h(ph)n(ysically)h(p)r(erforming)13 b(source)j(distribution,) g(a)h(complete)460 3230 y(mac)n(hine-readable)23 b(cop)n(y)j(of)f(the)g (corresp)r(onding)e(source)h(co)r(de,)i(to)g(b)r(e)f(distributed)f(under)g (the)460 3306 y(terms)16 b(of)i(Sections)e(1)h(and)h(2)f(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e)h(on) f(a)h(medium)e(customarily)g(used)h(for)g(soft)n(w)n(are)g(in)n(terc)n (hange;)460 3382 y(or,)p eop %%Page: 206 221 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(E.2.)49 b(T)-5 b(erms)20 b(and)i(Conditions)f(for)h(Cop)n(ying,)f(Distribution,)f(and)i(Mo)r (di\014cation)299 b FB(206)392 108 y(c.)28 b(Accompan)n(y)11 b(it)i(with)g(the)f(information)f(y)n(ou)i(receiv)n(ed)g(as)f(to)h(the)f (o\013er)h(to)f(distribute)g(corresp)r(onding)460 184 y(source)k(co)r(de.)23 b(\(This)17 b(alternativ)n(e)g(is)h(allo)n(w)n(ed)g(only)g(for)f(noncommerc)o (ial)e(distribution)h(and)h(only)h(if)460 259 y(y)n(ou)g(receiv)n(ed)e(the)g (program)f(in)j(ob)s(ject)e(co)r(de)f(or)i(executable)e(form)h(with)h(suc)n (h)g(an)g(o\013er,)g(in)h(accord)460 335 y(with)g(Subsection)e(b)i(ab)r(o)n (v)n(e.\))338 466 y(The)g(source)d(co)r(de)h(for)i(a)f(w)n(ork)h(means)e(the) g(preferred)f(form)i(of)g(the)g(w)n(ork)h(for)f(making)f(mo)r(di\014cations)f (to)338 542 y(it.)35 b(F)-5 b(or)21 b(an)h(executable)d(w)n(ork,)k(complete)c (source)h(co)r(de)f(means)h(all)i(the)f(source)e(co)r(de)h(for)h(all)h(mo)r (dules)338 617 y(it)d(con)n(tains,)f(plus)h(an)n(y)g(asso)r(ciated)d(in)n (terface)h(de\014nition)g(\014les,)i(plus)g(the)e(scripts)h(used)f(to)i(con)n (trol)e(com-)338 693 y(pilation)k(and)f(installation)g(of)h(the)f (executable.)30 b(Ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)22 b(as)e(a)h(sp)r(ecial)f(exception,)g (the)g(source)f(co)r(de)338 769 y(distributed)e(need)g(not)h(include)g(an)n (ything)f(that)h(is)g(normally)g(distributed)e(\(in)j(either)e(source)g(or)h (binary)338 845 y(form\))j(with)h(the)f(ma)s(jor)g(comp)r(onen)n(ts)e (\(compiler,)j(k)n(ernel,)h(and)f(so)g(on\))g(of)g(the)f(op)r(erating)f (system)h(on)338 920 y(whic)n(h)e(the)e(executable)f(runs,)i(unless)g(that)f (comp)r(onen)n(t)d(itself)k(accompanies)e(the)h(executable.)338 1018 y(If)e(distribution)d(of)i(executable)e(or)i(ob)s(ject)f(co)r(de)f(is)j (made)d(b)n(y)j(o\013ering)e(access)g(to)h(cop)n(y)g(from)e(a)i(designated) 338 1094 y(place,)21 b(then)e(o\013ering)h(equiv)m(alen)n(t)g(access)f(to)h (cop)n(y)g(the)g(source)f(co)r(de)g(from)g(the)h(same)e(place)i(coun)n(ts)f (as)338 1170 y(distribution)c(of)g(the)g(source)f(co)r(de,)g(ev)n(en)i (though)e(third)h(parties)f(are)h(not)f(comp)r(elled)g(to)h(cop)n(y)g(the)g (source)338 1245 y(along)j(with)g(the)f(ob)s(ject)g(co)r(de.)268 1365 y(4.)27 b(Y)-5 b(ou)17 b(ma)n(y)g(not)f(cop)n(y)-5 b(,)18 b(mo)r(dify)-5 b(,)17 b(sublicense,)f(or)h(distribute)e(the)i(Program)d (except)i(as)g(expressly)h(pro)n(vided)338 1441 y(under)i(this)g(License.)27 b(An)n(y)19 b(attempt)e(otherwise)g(to)i(cop)n(y)-5 b(,)21 b(mo)r(dify)-5 b(,)19 b(sublicense)f(or)h(distribute)f(the)h(Pro-)338 1517 y(gram)13 b(is)h(v)n(oid,)i(and)e(will)h(automatically)d(terminate)f(y)n (our)j(righ)n(ts)g(under)f(this)g(License.)22 b(Ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)16 b(parties)338 1592 y(who)21 b(ha)n(v)n(e)h(receiv)n(ed)f(copies,)h(or)f(righ) n(ts,)h(from)e(y)n(ou)i(under)e(this)h(License)f(will)j(not)e(ha)n(v)n(e)g (their)g(licenses)338 1668 y(terminated)15 b(so)j(long)g(as)g(suc)n(h)g (parties)f(remain)g(in)h(full)h(compliance.)268 1788 y(5.)27 b(Y)-5 b(ou)21 b(are)f(not)g(required)g(to)g(accept)f(this)h(License,)h (since)f(y)n(ou)h(ha)n(v)n(e)h(not)e(signed)g(it.)33 b(Ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)22 b(nothing)338 1864 y(else)c(gran)n(ts)e(y)n(ou)i(p)r(ermission)d(to)i(mo)r (dify)f(or)h(distribute)f(the)h(Program)e(or)i(its)h(deriv)m(ativ)n(e)f(w)n (orks.)24 b(These)338 1940 y(actions)d(are)f(prohibited)g(b)n(y)j(la)n(w)f (if)g(y)n(ou)g(do)f(not)g(accept)e(this)i(License.)34 b(Therefore,)20 b(b)n(y)i(mo)r(difying)f(or)338 2015 y(distributing)d(the)h(Program)d(\(or)j (an)n(y)g(w)n(ork)h(based)e(on)h(the)f(Program\),)f(y)n(ou)i(indicate)f(y)n (our)i(acceptance)338 2091 y(of)c(this)g(License)f(to)g(do)h(so,)g(and)g(all) g(its)g(terms)e(and)i(conditions)e(for)i(cop)n(ying,)g(distributing)f(or)h (mo)r(difying)338 2167 y(the)i(Program)d(or)j(w)n(orks)g(based)f(on)h(it.)268 2287 y(6.)27 b(Eac)n(h)21 b(time)g(y)n(ou)g(redistribute)f(the)g(Program)f (\(or)i(an)n(y)g(w)n(ork)h(based)e(on)i(the)e(Program\),)g(the)g(recipien)n (t)338 2362 y(automatically)i(receiv)n(es)g(a)i(license)f(from)f(the)g (original)i(licensor)e(to)h(cop)n(y)-5 b(,)26 b(distribute)c(or)h(mo)r(dify)f (the)338 2438 y(Program)16 b(sub)s(ject)h(to)h(these)f(terms)g(and)h (conditions.)24 b(Y)-5 b(ou)18 b(ma)n(y)h(not)e(imp)r(ose)g(an)n(y)i(further) e(restrictions)338 2514 y(on)j(the)e(recipien)n(ts')h(exercise)g(of)g(the)g (righ)n(ts)g(gran)n(ted)f(herein.)28 b(Y)-5 b(ou)19 b(are)g(not)g(resp)r (onsible)f(for)h(enforcing)338 2590 y(compliance)d(b)n(y)j(third)f(parties)f (to)g(this)h(License.)268 2710 y(7.)27 b(If,)19 b(as)f(a)g(consequence)e(of)i (a)g(court)f(judgmen)n(t)f(or)i(allegation)f(of)h(paten)n(t)f(infringemen)n (t)f(or)i(for)g(an)n(y)h(other)338 2785 y(reason)e(\(not)f(limited)i(to)f (paten)n(t)f(issues\),)i(conditions)e(are)h(imp)r(osed)f(on)i(y)n(ou)g (\(whether)d(b)n(y)k(court)d(order,)338 2861 y(agreemen)n(t)e(or)i (otherwise\))e(that)h(con)n(tradict)f(the)i(conditions)f(of)h(this)g (License,)g(they)g(do)g(not)g(excuse)f(y)n(ou)338 2937 y(from)21 b(the)g(conditions)f(of)h(this)h(License.)33 b(If)22 b(y)n(ou)g(cannot)e (distribute)g(so)i(as)f(to)g(satisfy)h(sim)n(ultaneously)338 3012 y(y)n(our)16 b(obligations)f(under)f(this)i(License)e(and)i(an)n(y)g (other)e(p)r(ertinen)n(t)g(obligations,)h(then)g(as)g(a)h(consequence)338 3088 y(y)n(ou)j(ma)n(y)e(not)h(distribute)e(the)h(Program)f(at)h(all.)25 b(F)-5 b(or)19 b(example,)e(if)h(a)g(paten)n(t)f(license)g(w)n(ould)h(not)f (p)r(ermit)338 3164 y(ro)n(y)n(alt)n(y-free)g(redistribution)d(of)i(the)g (Program)d(b)n(y)k(all)g(those)e(who)h(receiv)n(e)g(copies)f(directly)h(or)g (indirectly)338 3240 y(through)g(y)n(ou,)j(then)d(the)h(only)h(w)n(a)n(y)h(y) n(ou)f(could)g(satisfy)f(b)r(oth)f(it)i(and)f(this)h(License)e(w)n(ould)i(b)r (e)f(to)g(refrain)338 3315 y(en)n(tirely)h(from)f(distribution)g(of)h(the)f (Program.)p eop %%Page: 207 222 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(E.2.)49 b(T)-5 b(erms)20 b(and)i(Conditions)f(for)h(Cop)n(ying,)f(Distribution,)f(and)i(Mo)r (di\014cation)299 b FB(207)338 108 y(If)14 b(an)n(y)g(p)r(ortion)d(of)j(this) f(section)f(is)i(held)f(in)n(v)m(alid)h(or)f(unenforceable)e(under)h(an)n(y)i (particular)e(circumstance,)338 184 y(the)17 b(balance)e(of)i(the)f(section)g (is)i(in)n(tended)e(to)g(apply)h(and)g(the)f(section)g(as)h(a)g(whole)f(is)i (in)n(tended)e(to)g(apply)338 259 y(in)j(other)e(circumstances.)338 357 y(It)k(is)h(not)e(the)h(purp)r(ose)e(of)i(this)g(section)f(to)g(induce)h (y)n(ou)g(to)g(infringe)f(an)n(y)i(paten)n(ts)e(or)g(other)g(prop)r(ert)n(y) 338 433 y(righ)n(t)25 b(claims)f(or)h(to)f(con)n(test)f(v)m(alidit)n(y)j(of)f (an)n(y)g(suc)n(h)g(claims;)i(this)e(section)f(has)g(the)g(sole)h(purp)r(ose) d(of)338 509 y(protecting)i(the)h(in)n(tegrit)n(y)h(of)g(the)f(free)g(soft)n (w)n(are)g(distribution)g(system,)i(whic)n(h)f(is)g(implemen)n(ted)e(b)n(y) 338 584 y(public)19 b(license)f(practices.)25 b(Man)n(y)19 b(p)r(eople)f(ha)n(v)n(e)h(made)e(generous)g(con)n(tributions)g(to)h(the)g (wide)h(range)e(of)338 660 y(soft)n(w)n(are)g(distributed)f(through)g(that)h (system)f(in)j(reliance)e(on)g(consisten)n(t)f(application)h(of)h(that)f (system;)338 736 y(it)g(is)g(up)g(to)f(the)f(author/donor)e(to)k(decide)e(if) i(he)f(or)h(she)f(is)h(willing)h(to)e(distribute)f(soft)n(w)n(are)g(through)g (an)n(y)338 811 y(other)i(system)g(and)g(a)h(licensee)g(cannot)e(imp)r(ose)g (that)h(c)n(hoice.)338 909 y(This)h(section)f(is)h(in)n(tended)f(to)g(mak)n (e)g(thoroughly)f(clear)h(what)g(is)h(b)r(eliev)n(ed)g(to)f(b)r(e)g(a)g (consequence)e(of)j(the)338 985 y(rest)f(of)h(this)g(License.)268 1105 y(8.)27 b(If)15 b(the)f(distribution)f(and/or)f(use)i(of)h(the)e (Program)f(is)j(restricted)d(in)j(certain)e(coun)n(tries)g(either)g(b)n(y)i (paten)n(ts)338 1181 y(or)j(b)n(y)g(cop)n(yrigh)n(ted)f(in)n(terfaces,)f(the) h(original)h(cop)n(yrigh)n(t)f(holder)g(who)h(places)f(the)g(Program)e(under) i(this)338 1256 y(License)g(ma)n(y)h(add)f(an)h(explicit)g(geographical)d (distribution)i(limitation)g(excluding)g(those)g(coun)n(tries,)f(so)338 1332 y(that)f(distribution)g(is)i(p)r(ermitted)c(only)j(in)h(or)f(among)e (coun)n(tries)h(not)h(th)n(us)f(excluded.)23 b(In)17 b(suc)n(h)f(case,)g (this)338 1408 y(License)h(incorp)r(orates)e(the)i(limitation)g(as)h(if)h (written)e(in)i(the)e(b)r(o)r(dy)g(of)h(this)g(License.)268 1528 y(9.)27 b(The)17 b(F)-5 b(ree)16 b(Soft)n(w)n(are)f(F)-5 b(oundation)16 b(ma)n(y)g(publish)h(revised)f(and/or)f(new)h(v)n(ersions)g (of)h(the)e(General)h(Public)338 1604 y(License)j(from)f(time)g(to)h(time.)28 b(Suc)n(h)19 b(new)h(v)n(ersions)f(will)i(b)r(e)e(similar)g(in)h(spirit)f(to) g(the)g(presen)n(t)f(v)n(ersion,)338 1679 y(but)g(ma)n(y)g(di\013er)g(in)g (detail)g(to)g(address)e(new)i(problems)e(or)i(concerns.)338 1777 y(Eac)n(h)26 b(v)n(ersion)f(is)i(giv)n(en)f(a)g(distinguishing)f(v)n (ersion)g(n)n(um)n(b)r(er.)46 b(If)26 b(the)f(Program)f(sp)r(eci\014es)g(a)h (v)n(ersion)338 1853 y(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)d(of)h(this)g(License)f(whic)n(h)i (applies)f(to)g(it)g(and)g(\\an)n(y)g(later)g(v)n(ersion",)h(y)n(ou)g(ha)n(v) n(e)g(the)e(option)g(of)338 1929 y(follo)n(wing)k(the)e(terms)f(and)h (conditions)g(either)f(of)i(that)f(v)n(ersion)h(or)f(of)h(an)n(y)g(later)f(v) n(ersion)h(published)338 2004 y(b)n(y)d(the)f(F)-5 b(ree)21 b(Soft)n(w)n(are)f(F)-5 b(oundation.)33 b(If)22 b(the)e(Program)f(do)r(es)h 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y(bac)n(kground,)d(105,)i(107,)g(108)1663 1980 y(kill,)i(107)1608 2056 y(de\014ned,)d(105)1608 2132 y(forground,)f(105)1608 2207 y(in)n(terupt,)h(106)1608 2283 y(in)n(turpting,)g(106)1608 2359 y(kill,)j(106)1608 2435 y(restarting,)c(108)1608 2510 y(stopping,)h(108)1608 2586 y(susp)r(ended,)f(106)1497 2662 y(job)i(con)n(trol,)f(4,)i(105{110)1497 2737 y Fv(jobs)p FB(,)g(107)1497 2869 y(k)n(ernel)1608 2944 y(compiling,)e(137)1608 3020 y(compiling)g (compressed)e(image,)i(138)1608 3096 y(features,)f(4{6)1608 3171 y(sources)g(for,)i(137)1608 3247 y(upgrading,)e(137)1497 3323 y(k)n(ernel)i(image)1608 3399 y(compressed,)d(126)p eop %%Page: 216 231 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(INDEX)2104 b FB(216)311 108 y(\014le)18 b(name)e(of,)j(126)200 184 y Fv(kill)p FB(,)g(107)200 315 y(L)215 308 y Fs(a)241 315 y FB(T)272 331 y(E)302 315 y(X,)f(7)200 390 y(libraries,)g(10)311 466 y(\014xing)g(corrupted,)e(147)311 542 y(shared,)h(5)311 617 y(upgrading,)g(138)200 693 y(LILO,)h(61,)g(126{127) 311 769 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y(Lin)n(ux)h(Journal,)f(185)200 2889 y(Lin)n(ux)h(Soft)n(w)n(are)e(Map,) h(15,)g(183)200 2965 y(Lin)n(ux-Activists)g(mailing)g(list,)h(32)200 3040 y(listing)f(directory)f(con)n(ten)n(ts,)g(83{84)200 3116 y(logging)h(in,)h(76)311 3192 y(problems,)d(73)200 3268 y(logging)i(out)311 3343 y(with)g Fv(exit)g FB(command,)e(78)1497 108 y(login,)j(76)1497 184 y(login)f(name)1608 259 y(de\014ned,)f(75)1497 335 y(login)h(shell)1608 411 y(de\014ned,)f(121,)g(129)1608 486 y(setting)f(with)i Fv(chsh)p FB(,)h(131)1497 562 y Fv(ls)p FB(,)g(83{84,)e(87)1608 638 y(listing)h(\014le) g(p)r(ermissions)e(with,)i(100)1497 769 y(mail)g(order,)f(37)1497 845 y(mailer)1608 920 y(for)g(e-mail,)i(179)1497 996 y(mailers,)e(12)1497 1072 y(mailing)h(lists,)g(32)1608 1147 y(Lin)n(ux-Activists,)g(32)1497 1223 y Fv(mailx)p FB(,)h(179)1497 1299 y(main)n(tenance)c(\015opp)n(y)-5 b(,)19 b(145)1497 1375 y Fv(man)p FB(,)g(86,)f(88)1497 1450 y(man)n(ual)f(pages,)g(86)1497 1526 y(master)f(b)r(o)r(ot)g(record,)h(45)1497 1602 y(Mbase,)g(14)1497 1677 y(MET)-5 b(AF)n(ONT,)18 b(9)1497 1753 y(Microsoft)e(Windo)n(ws,)j(14)1608 1829 y(em)n(ulator,)d(166)1497 1905 y(Minix,)j(3,)g(24)1497 1980 y Fv(mkdir)p FB(,)g(84,)f(88)1497 2056 y Fv(mke2fs)p FB(,)h(57)1608 2132 y(for)e(\015opp)n(y)h(disk,)h(135)1497 2207 y Fv(mkswap)p FB(,)g(56{57,)e(142)1497 2283 y(money)-5 b(,)17 b(23)1497 2359 y Fv(more)p FB(,)i(86,)f(88)1497 2435 y(Motif,)g(11)1497 2510 y Fv(mount)p FB(,)h(140)1608 2586 y(moun)n(ting)d (\015opp)n(y)i(disk)h(with,)f(135)1608 2662 y(to)f(moun)n(t)g(MS-DOS)h (partition,)g(165)1497 2737 y(moun)n(t)f(p)r(oin)n(t)1608 2813 y(de\014ned,)g(135)1497 2889 y(mo)n(v)n(e)h(\014les,)g(85)1497 2965 y(MS-DOS,)h(21)1608 3040 y(accessing)d(\014les)i(from,)f(14,)h(165)1608 3116 y(em)n(ulator,)e(14,)i(166)1608 3192 y(moun)n(ting)e(partion)h(under)g (Lin)n(ux,)i(165)1608 3268 y(repartitioning,)d(48)1608 3343 y(running)h(programs)e(from)i(Lin)n(ux,)i(166)p eop %%Page: 217 232 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(INDEX)2104 b FB(217)311 108 y(using)18 b(Mto)r(ols)e(to)i(access)f(\014les,)h(166)200 184 y(m)n(ultitasking,)f(4)311 259 y(de\014ned,)g(75)200 335 y(m)n(ultiuser)311 411 y(de\014ned,)g(75)200 486 y Fv(mv)p FB(,)i(85,)f(88)200 617 y Fv(named)p FB(,)h(172)200 693 y(nameserv)n(er)d (address)311 769 y(de\014ned,)h(169)200 845 y(NET-2,)h(166)311 920 y(supp)r(ort)24 b(for)i(serial)h(line)g(In)n(ternet)e(proto)r(col)421 996 y(\(SLIP\),)17 b(166)200 1072 y(NetBSD,)h(23)200 1147 y Fv(netstat)p FB(,)h(174)200 1223 y(net)n(w)n(ork)f(address)311 1299 y(de\014ned,)f(168)200 1375 y(net)n(w)n(ork)h(mask)311 1450 y(de\014ned,)f(168)200 1526 y(net)n(w)n(orking,)h(5,)g(12{13)311 1602 y(and)f(X)h(Windo)n(ws,)h(12)311 1677 y(ethernet)c(cards,)j(supp)r (orted,)d(28,)j(167)311 1753 y(FTP)-5 b(,)19 b(12)311 1829 y(NET-2,)f(166)311 1905 y(news,)g(12,)g(180{181)311 1980 y(NFS,)g(12,)g(171) 311 2056 y(NNTP)-5 b(,)18 b(12)311 2132 y(PPP)-5 b(,)18 b(174)311 2207 y(SLIP)-5 b(,)18 b(12,)g(166)311 2283 y(TCP/IP)-5 b(,)18 b(166{179)311 2359 y(UUCP)-5 b(,)18 b(13,)g(179)200 2435 y(news,)g(180{181) 311 2510 y(clien)n(t)366 2586 y(de\014ned,)f(180)311 2662 y(news)g(readers) 366 2737 y(de\014ned,)g(180)366 2813 y Fv(rn)p FB(,)i(180)366 2889 y Fv(rn)p FB(,)g(180)311 2965 y(serv)n(er)366 3040 y(C)f(News,)g(180)366 3116 y(de\014ned,)f(180)366 3192 y(INN,)h(180)311 3268 y(UUCP)-5 b(,)18 b(179)200 3343 y(news)g(readers,)e(12)1608 108 y(de\014ned,)h(180)1497 184 y(NFS,)h(171)1497 259 y(n)n(ull)h(\014le,)g(90)1497 390 y(op)r(erating)d(sytems)1608 466 y(b)r(o)r(oting)f(non-Lin)n(ux,)k(126,)f (127)1497 542 y(OS/2,)g(22)1497 617 y(output)1608 693 y(redirecting,)e(97) 1497 824 y(parallel)i(p)r(ort)1608 900 y(device)f(name)g(for,)h(90)1497 976 y(paren)n(t)f(directory)-5 b(,)17 b(79)1608 1051 y Fv(..)24 b FB(to)18 b(refer)f(to,)h(82)1497 1127 y(partition)f(table,)g(45)1497 1203 y(partitions,)g(45,)h(46)1608 1279 y Fv(fdisk)p FB(,)h(48,)f(53{56)1608 1354 y(Lin)n(ux,)h(51{52)1608 1430 y(size,)f(47)1497 1506 y Fv(passwd)p FB(,)h(79,)f(130)1497 1581 y(passw)n(ord)1608 1657 y(c)n(hanging)f(with)h Fv(passwd)p FB(,)h(79)1608 1733 y(de\014ned,)e(75)1608 1809 y(\014xing)h(ro)r(ot,)f(146)1497 1884 y(passw)n(ord)g(\014le)1608 1960 y(format)f(of,)i(129)1497 2036 y(pathname)1608 2111 y(absolute,)f(81) 1608 2187 y(de\014ned,)g(79)1608 2263 y(full,)i(81)1608 2339 y(relativ)n(e,)f(81)1497 2414 y(p)r(ermissions)1608 2490 y(c)n(hanging,)f (102)1608 2566 y(de\014ned,)g(100)1608 2641 y(dep)r(endencies)d(of,)19 b(101)1608 2717 y(execute,)d(100)1608 2793 y(for)h(shell)i(scripts,)e(118) 1608 2869 y(group,)g(131)1608 2944 y(in)n(terpreting,)f(100)1608 3020 y(of)i(\014les,)g(100{102)1608 3096 y(problems,)e(73)1608 3171 y(read,)h(100)1608 3247 y(write,)h(100)1497 3323 y(pip)r(elining)1608 3399 y(de\014ned,)f(99)p eop %%Page: 218 233 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(INDEX)2104 b FB(218)200 108 y(pip)r(es)311 184 y(creating,)16 b(99)311 259 y(using,)i(98{99)200 335 y(POSIX.1,)g(4)200 411 y(P)n(ostgres,)f(14)200 486 y(PPP)-5 b(,)18 b(5,)h(174)200 562 y(pro)r(cess)311 638 y(bac)n(kground,)d(105)366 714 y(kill,)k(107)311 789 y(de\014ned,)d(105)311 865 y(forground,)f(105)311 941 y(ID)366 1016 y(de\014ned,)h(105)311 1092 y(in)n(terupt,)g(106)311 1168 y(in)n(terupting,)g(106)311 1244 y(kill,)j(106)311 1319 y Fv(ps)e FB(to)g(list,)h(105)200 1395 y(programming,)c(10)311 1471 y(core)i(dumps,)g(6)311 1546 y(languages,)g(10)311 1622 y(libraries,)h(10)311 1698 y(UNIX,)f(10)311 1774 y(utilities,)h(10)200 1849 y(protected)d(mo)r(de,)i(5)200 1925 y Fv(ps)p FB(,)i(105)200 2001 y(pseudo-terminals,)d(90)200 2132 y Fv(RAWRITE.EXE)p FB(,)j(36)200 2207 y Fv(rc)p FB(,)g(144)311 2283 y(\014les)366 2359 y(de\014ned,)e(169)366 2435 y(for)h(TCP/IP)-5 b(,)18 b(170)200 2510 y Fv(rc.inet)p FB(,)h(170)200 2586 y Fv(rc.inet1)p FB(,)g(170)311 2662 y(sample,)e(170)200 2737 y Fv(rc.inet2)p FB(,)i(170,)f(171)311 2813 y(sample,)f(171)200 2889 y Fv(rc.local)p FB(,)i(144)200 2965 y Fv(rc.net)p FB(,)g(170)200 3040 y Fv(rdev)p FB(,)g(126)200 3116 y(reading)311 3192 y(suggested,)d (185{188)200 3268 y(redirection)311 3343 y(non-destructiv)n(e,)g(99)1608 108 y(standard)g(input,)i(97)1608 184 y(standard)e(output,)g(97)1497 259 y(repartitioning,)g(47{49)1608 335 y(concepts,)g(45)1608 411 y Fv(fdisk)p FB(,)j(48)1663 486 y(under)e(MS-DOS,)i(48)1608 562 y Fv(FIPS)p FB(,)g(47)1497 638 y Fv(rm)p FB(,)g(86,)f(88)1497 714 y Fv(rmdir)p FB(,)h(86,)f(88)1497 789 y Fv(rn)p FB(,)h(180)1497 865 y(ro)r(ot)1608 941 y(\014xing)f(passw)n(ord)f(for,)h(146)1497 1016 y(ro)r(ot)e(accoun)n(t,)h(122{123)1608 1092 y(eithical)g(issues,)h(123) 1608 1168 y(privleges)f(of,)i(123)1608 1244 y(using)e(di\013eren)n(t)h (prompt)e(for,)i(123)1497 1319 y(ro)r(ot)e(device)1608 1395 y(setting)g(name)h(of)h(with)g Fv(rdev)p FB(,)h(126)1497 1471 y(ro)r(ot)d(directory)1608 1546 y(de\014ned,)h(80)1497 1622 y(ro)r(ot)f(\014lesystem,)h(46)1497 1698 y Fv(route)p FB(,)i(170)1608 1774 y(en)n(try)14 b(in)i Fv(/etc/networks)h FB(required)d(for,)i(172)1497 1849 y Fv(routed)p FB(,)j(171)1497 1980 y(scien)n(ti\014c)e(soft)n(w)n(are,)h (15)1497 2056 y(SCSI)1608 2132 y(problems,)e(68{69)1497 2207 y(SCSI)i(devices)1608 2283 y(names)e(for,)i(90)1497 2359 y(securit)n(y)-5 b(,)18 b(124)1497 2435 y Fv(sendmail)p FB(,)h(179)1497 2510 y(serial)f(line)g(In)n(ternet)f(proto)r(col,)f(166,)i(174{179)1497 2586 y(serial)g(p)r(orts)1608 2662 y(device)f(names)g(for,)h(90)1497 2737 y Fv(setenv)p FB(,)h(119)1497 2813 y(Sey)n(on,)f(13)1497 2889 y(sharew)n(are,)f(16)1497 2965 y(shell)h(script,)g(6)1608 3040 y(de\014ned,)f(117)1497 3116 y(shell)h(scripts)1608 3192 y(commen)n(ts)d(in,)k(118)1608 3268 y(de\014ned,)e(93)1608 3343 y(initializtion,)h(121)p eop %%Page: 219 234 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(INDEX)2104 b FB(219)311 108 y(p)r(ermissions)15 b(for,)k(118)311 184 y(v)m(ariables)e(in,)i(118)200 259 y(shell)f(v)m(ariables)311 335 y(exp)r(orting)e(to)i(en)n(vironmen)n(t,)e (119)200 411 y(shells,)j(6,)f(93)311 486 y(Bourne)f(again)g(shell,)i(93)311 562 y(Bourne)e(shell,)i(93)311 638 y(C)f(shell,)h(93)311 714 y(de\014ned,)e(77)311 789 y(initializtion)h(\014les,)g(121)311 865 y(job)f(con)n(trol)h(pro)n(vided)f(b)n(y)-5 b(,)20 b(105)311 941 y(prompt,)c(77)311 1016 y(v)m(ariables)366 1092 y(de\014ned,)h(118)311 1168 y(wildcard)g(c)n(haracters)f(for,)i(94{96)311 1244 y(wildcard)f (expansion,)h(94)200 1319 y Fv(shutdown)h FB(command,)c(62,)k(128)200 1395 y(sh)n(utting)e(do)n(wn,)i(128)200 1471 y(Slac)n(kw)n(are)311 1546 y(getting,)e(37{44)311 1622 y(installing,)h(58{61)200 1698 y Fv(slattach)p FB(,)h(174)200 1774 y(SLIP)-5 b(,)18 b(5,)h(12,)f(166,)g (174{179)311 1849 y(connecting)d(to)j(servier)g(with)g Fv(dip)p FB(,)h(177)311 1925 y(device)e(names)g(for,)h(175)311 2001 y(dynamic)f(IP)h(address)e(with)i Fv(dip)p FB(,)h(176)311 2076 y(static)e(IP)h(address)e(with)i Fv(dip)p FB(,)h(175)311 2152 y(static)e(IP)h(address)e(with)i Fv(slattach)p FB(,)i(176)200 2228 y Fv(Smail)p FB(,)f(179)200 2304 y(soft)n(w)n(are,)f(6{15)311 2379 y Fv(bash)p FB(,)h(7)311 2455 y(installing,)f(136{139)311 2531 y Fv(tcsh)p FB(,)h(7)311 2606 y(upgrading,)e(136{139)311 2682 y(where)g(to)g(\014nd)h(releases,)f(139)200 2758 y(sound)g(supp)r(ort,)g (15)200 2834 y(sources)f(of)i(information,)f(182{188)200 2909 y(stabilit)n(y)-5 b(,)19 b(23)200 2985 y(standard)d(input,)i(96{100)311 3061 y(redirecting,)e(98)200 3136 y(standard)g(output,)h(96{100)311 3212 y(redirecting,)f(97)200 3288 y(standards,)g(4)200 3364 y(startup)g(scripts,)i(143)1497 108 y Fv(slattach)1608 184 y FB(static)f(IP)h(addresses)e(with,)i(176)1497 259 y(stdin,)g(96)1497 335 y(stdout,)f(96)1497 411 y(sup)r(erblo)r(c)n(k)1608 486 y(de\014ned,)g(146)1608 562 y(\014xing)h(corrupted,)e(146)1497 638 y(sw)n(ap)i(\014le,)h(46,)f(142{143)1608 714 y(deleting,)f(143)1497 789 y(sw)n(ap)h(partition)1608 865 y(in)g Fv(/etc/fstab)p FB(,)i(141)1497 941 y(sw)n(ap)e(space,)f(5,)i(46)1608 1016 y(creating,)d(56{57)1608 1092 y(creating)g(temp)r(orary)-5 b(,)16 b(143)1497 1168 y Fv(swapoff)p FB(,)j(143)1497 1244 y Fv(swapon)p FB(,)g(141,)f(143)1497 1319 y Fv(syslogd)p FB(,)h(171)1497 1395 y(system)d(administration)1608 1471 y(adding)h(users,)g(128)1608 1546 y(b)r(o)r(oting)e(Lin)n(ux,)k(125{127) 1608 1622 y(duties,)e(125)1608 1698 y(securit)n(y)g(issues,)h(124)1608 1774 y(sh)n(utting)f(do)n(wn,)h(128)1497 1849 y(system)e(securit)n(y)-5 b(,)19 b(124)1497 1925 y(system-de\014ned)c(accoun)n(ts)1608 2001 y Fv(root)p FB(,)k(122)1497 2132 y(T)-5 b(anen)n(baum,)17 b(Andy)-5 b(,)18 b(3)1497 2207 y Fv(tar)p FB(,)h(132)1497 2283 y(TCP/IP)-5 b(,)18 b(5,)h(12{13,)e(166{179)1608 2359 y Fv(/etc/host.conf)p FB(,)i(173)1608 2435 y Fv(/etc/hosts)p FB(,)g(172)1608 2510 y Fv(/etc/networks)p FB(,)g(172)1608 2586 y Fv(/etc/resolve.conf)p FB(,)g(173)1608 2662 y(broadcast)c(address,)i(168)1608 2737 y(con\014guration)e(scripts)i(for,)h(169)1608 2813 y(con\014guring,)e(167,)i (168)1608 2889 y(debugging,)e(173)1608 2965 y(displa)n(ying)i(routing)f (tables,)h(174)1608 3040 y(gatew)n(a)n(y)f(address,)g(169)1608 3116 y(hardw)n(are)f(requiremen)n(ts)g(for,)i(167)1608 3192 y Fv(ifconfig)p FB(,)h(170)1608 3268 y Fv(inetd)p FB(,)g(171)1608 3343 y(IP)f(address,)f(168)p eop %%Page: 220 235 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(INDEX)2104 b FB(220)311 108 y Fv(named)p FB(,)19 b(172)311 184 y(nameserv)n(er)c(address,)i(169)311 259 y(NET-2)g(implemen)n(tation)f(of,)i(166)311 335 y(net)n(w)n(ork)f (address,)g(168)311 411 y(net)n(w)n(ork)g(mask,)h(168)311 486 y(o)n(v)n(er)g(serial)g(line,)h(174{179)311 562 y(p)r(oin)n(t-to-p)r(oin)n(t) d(connection,)g(174)311 638 y(PPP)-5 b(,)18 b(174)311 714 y Fv(rc.inet)p FB(,)h(170)311 789 y Fv(rc.inet1)p FB(,)g(170)366 865 y(sample,)e(170)311 941 y Fv(rc.inet2)p FB(,)i(170)366 1016 y(sample,)e(171)311 1092 y Fv(rc.net)p FB(,)i(170)311 1168 y Fv(route)p FB(,)g(170)311 1244 y Fv(routed)p FB(,)g(171)311 1319 y(SLIP)-5 b(,)18 b(174{179)366 1395 y(device)g(names)e(for,)i(175)366 1471 y(dynamic)f(IP)h(address)f(with)h Fv(dip)p FB(,)h(176)366 1546 y(static)e(IP)h(address)f(with)h Fv(dip)p FB(,)h(175)366 1622 y(static)e(IP)h(address)f(with)h Fv(slattach)p FB(,)h(176)311 1698 y Fv(syslogd)p FB(,)g(171)311 1774 y(troublesho)r(oting,)c(173)200 1849 y(Tcsh,)j(93)200 1925 y Fv(tcsh)p FB(,)h(93)200 2001 y(telecomm)n (unications)o(,)c(13)200 2076 y Fv(term)p FB(,)k(13)200 2152 y(T)231 2164 y(E)261 2152 y(X,)g(7)200 2228 y Fv(texinfo)p FB(,)g(8)200 2304 y(text)e(editor)311 2379 y(comparing,)f(110)311 2455 y(de\014ned,)h(110)200 2531 y(text)g(editors,)h(6)200 2606 y(text)f(pro)r(cessing,)f(7{9)200 2682 y Fv(tin)p FB(,)j(180)200 2758 y(T)-5 b(orv)m(alds,)18 b(Lin)n(us,)h(3,)f(18)200 2834 y(transp)r(ort)311 2909 y(for)f(e-mail,)i(179)200 2985 y(trouble)311 3061 y(running)e(in)n(to,)h(63{74)200 3192 y(UID)311 3268 y(de\014ned,)f(129) 200 3343 y Fv(umount)p FB(,)i(142)1608 108 y(unmoun)n(ting)d(\015opp)n(y)i (disks)g(with,)h(136)1497 184 y(UNIX)1608 259 y(basic)e(concepts,)f(75{81) 1608 335 y(commercial,)f(17,)j(20,)h(22{24)1608 411 y(directory)d(structure,) g(80)1608 486 y(for)h(the)h(PC,)g(22{24)1608 562 y(free)f(implemen)n (tations,)e(23)1608 638 y(man)n(ual)i(pages)g(for,)h(86)1608 714 y(m)n(ultitasking)1663 789 y(de\014ned,)f(75)1608 865 y(p)r(opularit)n(y) -5 b(,)18 b(2)1608 941 y(wizards,)f(1)1497 1016 y(unmoun)n(ting)f (\014lesystems,)g(141,)i(142)1497 1092 y(upgrading,)f(20)1497 1168 y(USENET,)g(180{181)1608 1244 y(Lin)n(ux-related)g(newsgroups,)f(30)1608 1319 y(p)r(osting)g(tips,)i(33)1497 1395 y(user)f(accoun)n(t)1608 1471 y(creating,)f(76)1497 1546 y(user)h(ID)1608 1622 y(de\014ned,)g(129)1497 1698 y Fv(useradd)p FB(,)i(130)1497 1774 y Fv(userdel)p FB(,)g(130)1497 1849 y(username)1608 1925 y(de\014ned,)e(129)1497 2001 y(users)1608 2076 y(adding,)g(128)1663 2152 y(adding)g(with)h Fv(adduser)p FB(,)i(130)1663 2228 y(adding)d(with)h Fv(useradd)p FB(,)i(130)1608 2304 y(c)n(hanging)d(fullname)g(for,)h(131)1608 2379 y(c)n(hanging)f(login)h (shell)g(for,)g(131)1608 2455 y(deleting,)f(130)1608 2531 y(disabling,)h(130) 1608 2606 y(full)g(name)f(of,)h(129)1608 2682 y(group)f(ID)h(of,)h(129)1608 2758 y(home)d(directory)h(of,)h(129)1608 2834 y(in)g(groups,)f(100)1608 2909 y(list)h(groups)f(for,)h(131)1608 2985 y(login)g(shell)g(of,)h(129)1608 3061 y(passw)n(ord)e(of,)h(129)1608 3136 y(setting)e(attributes)g(for,)i(130) 1608 3212 y(setting)e(guidelines)i(for,)g(125)1608 3288 y(setting)e(passw)n (ord)h(for,)h(130)1608 3364 y(system)e(securit)n(y)i(and,)g(124)p eop %%Page: 221 236 bop 200 -111 2400 3 v 200 -134 a Fx(INDEX)2104 b FB(221)311 108 y(user)17 b(ID)i(of,)f(129)311 184 y(username)d(of,)k(129)200 259 y(UUCP)-5 b(,)18 b(13,)g(179)200 390 y(v)m(ariables)311 466 y(en)n(vironmen)n(t,)e(119)311 542 y(in)i(shell)h(scripts,)e(118)311 617 y(shell,)h(118)200 693 y(v)n(endor)311 769 y(list,)h(189{191)200 845 y Fv(vi)p FB(,)g(6,)f(110{116)311 920 y(c)n(hanging)f(text,)h(113{114)311 996 y(command)d(mo)r(de,)h(110)311 1072 y(deleting)h(text,)g(112{113)311 1147 y(edit)g(mo)r(de,)g(110)311 1223 y(including)h(\014les,)g(116)311 1299 y(inserting)f(text,)g(111{112)311 1375 y(last)h(line)g(mo)r(de,)f(110) 311 1450 y(mo)n(ving)g(cursor,)g(114)311 1526 y(quitting,)h(115)311 1602 y(sa)n(ving)g(c)n(hanges,)f(115)311 1677 y(shell)h(commands)d(from,)i (116)311 1753 y(starting,)g(111)311 1829 y(switc)n(hing)g(\014les,)i(115)311 1905 y(writing)e(c)n(hanges,)h(115)200 1980 y(virtual)g(consoles,)f(4,)i(90) 200 2056 y(V)-5 b(olk)n(erding,)18 b(P)n(atric)n(k,)h(37)200 2187 y(wildcard)f(c)n(haracters)311 2263 y Fv(*)p FB(,)h(94)311 2339 y Fv(?)p FB(,)g(95)311 2414 y(de\014ned,)e(94)311 2490 y(in)h(\014lnames,)f(94{96)200 2566 y(wildcard)h(expansion)311 2641 y(de\014ned,)f(94)200 2717 y(Windo)n(ws)h(NT,)g(22)200 2793 y(WINE,)g(14)200 2869 y(w)n(ord)g(pro)r(cessing,)e(9)200 2944 y(w)n(orking)i(directory)311 3020 y(de\014ned,)f(81)200 3151 y(X11R6,)g(148)200 3227 y Fv(XF86Config)p FB(,)i(153)200 3302 y(XF)-5 b(ree86,)17 b(11,)h(148)311 3378 y(con\014guration)d(\014le)j (for,)g(153)1608 108 y(con\014guring,)e(153)1608 184 y(hardw)n(are)g (requiremen)n(ts)g(for,)i(149)1608 259 y(installing,)g(151)1608 335 y(RAM)f(requiremen)n(ts)f(for,)i(151)1608 411 y(video)g(c)n(hipsets)f (supp)r(orted)e(b)n(y)-5 b(,)20 b(149)1497 486 y Fv(xfsck)p FB(,)f(142)1497 562 y(X)f(Windo)n(w)g(System,)f(11{12,)g(148{165)1608 638 y(de\014ned,)g(148)p eop %%Trailer end userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if %%EOF