%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%% International Phonetic Alphabet %%%%% %%%%% -- Manual -- %%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%% %%%%% adapted to LaTeX by W. Antweiler, UnivCologneCompCen, 05/28/90 %%%%% \font\twtt=cmtt12 \def\B#1{\edef\next{\the\font}\twtt\char'134#1\next} \def\D#1 {#1&{\ipa\char#1}} \input ipamacs \documentstyle[12pt,dina4]{article} \newcommand{\meta}{{\small\rm METAFONT}} \newcommand{\wsu}{{\small\rm WSUIPA}} \newcommand{\ipam}{{\small\rm IPAMACS}} \newcommand{\PL}{{\it Phonetic Symbol Guide}} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%% LaTeX %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \begin{document} \title{Using the WSU International Phonetic Alphabet} \author{Washington State University} \date{January 9, 1990} \maketitle %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \section{Preface} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% This users guide\footnote{This LaTeX-version of the WSUIPA guide was prepared by W.\ Antweiler of the University of Cologne Computing Centre, Robert-Koch-Str.\ 10, D-5000 K\"oln 41, West Germany. Tel.: +49--221--478--5763; Fax: +49--221--478--5590; e-mail: {\tt a0062@uvax.rrz.uni-koeln.de}. This manual did not include information about the original author. All fonts along with the \TeX-macros and the original manual can be retrieved via anonymous ftp from {\tt ymir.claremont.edu}.} is intended to serve as a help and supplement to the Washington State University International Phonetic Alphabet (\wsu) fonts. It is not intended to be a manual on \TeX, linguistics, or the correct usage of the characters, accents and diacritics contained within the font. It is assumed that the user is familiar with the version of \TeX\ he or she is using and with the characters contained within the \wsu\ font. Because the uses for a phonetic alphabet font are probably as varied as the many disciplines which use the characters, this guide is intended to merely show some of the most common ways of using the \wsu\ font. Surely each person who implements the font will develop his or her own favorite way of working with and using the font.\par The principal source of information regarding the characters and their shapes has come from sources within the linguistic field---most notably, Geoffrey K. Pullum and William A. Ladusaw, whose book, {\it Phonetic Symbol Guide} was used extensively. The \PL\ not only lists the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) characters and diacritics, it also gives an enlarged illustration of each character which shows its baseline, height, depth and x-height. These character illustrations were invaluable in the design of the \wsu\ \meta\ characters.\par Several other people involved in the wonderful world of linguistics also aided in the design of the \wsu\ font. Their input concerning everything from character shape, to placement within the font, to determining which characters should be included, is gratefully acknowledged. I would especially like to thank Karen Mullen, Associate Professor of English, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky. She tested, used the \wsu\ fonts, and took the time to give several suggestions and recommendations that have improved the font. Also, Christina A. Thiele, Managing Director, Journal Production Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, who not only provided a wealth of phonetic information, but also a wealth of encouragement throughout the entire font designing process.\par Included with the \wsu\ fonts are:\par \begin{enumerate} \item The basic \wsu\ font which contains 128 phonetic characters and/or diacritics in five different point sizes (8, 9, 10, 11 and 12) and in three typefaces (roman, slanted and bold extended). \item Each size and typeface includes a TFM (\TeX\ Font Metric) file and its related GF, PK or PXL file. \item A macro package (\ipam.TEX) for use with the \wsu\ font, and \item the {\it WSUIPA Font User's Guide}. \end{enumerate} This guide is divided into three main sections: 1) an introduction to the \wsu\ font, 2) a description of the font layout and the characters included in the font and 3) some \TeX niques for use with the \wsu\ fonts.\par Although the \wsu\ fonts are written in \meta , the user does not need experience with or knowledge of \meta\ to use the font. However, at least a beginning understanding of \TeX\ and the use of fonts in the \TeX\ environment {\it is} necessary. For information about either \TeX\ or font usage in \TeX , see {\it The \TeX book} by Donald Knuth. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \section{Introduction to the WSUIPA Font} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% The \wsu\ fonts are written in \meta\ and use the same font parameter values as their Computer Modern (CM) counterparts (cmr and cmbx). In fact, while designing the character shapes, the computer modern code was left intact or modified only slightly whenever possible. Therefore, the \wsu\ fonts are totally compatible with computer modern fonts---the design and shape of the characters are computer modern wherever possible. For the characters that are drastically different from any computer modern characters or symbols, such as the ``Gamma,'' ``Baby Gamma'' and the ``Esh,'' Pullum and Ladusaw's {\it Phonetic Symbol Guide} was used as the character design standard.\par The \wsu\ fonts are obviously not an exhaustive collection of phonetic or even recognized International Phonetic Alphabet characters. The characters included in the \wsu\ font were chosen either because they were listed as a ``major'' entry in Pullum and Ladusaw's {\it Guide\/}, or because of the recommendations from various people with an interest in the font.\par The {\it Guide} contains what it classifies as ``major'' and ``minor'' characters, based upon whether the symbol is an officially recognized IPA character or is determined by Pullum and Ladusaw to be a standard symbol in current American transcriptual practice. The {\it Guide} lists 78 ``major'' entries which are not easily attainable in the CM fonts. All 78 of these characters are included in the \wsu\ font, along with 50 ``minor'' entries from the {\it Guide}. The selection of which ``minor'' entries to include was based on information and requests from various phoneticians and linguists who contacted WSU during the beginning stages of the creation of the font. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \section{The Layout of the WSUIPA Font} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% The character-grouping pattern followed by Pullum and Ladusaw in their {\it Guide} was adopted as the basis for the \wsu\ font layout. The characters are grouped together according to shape rather than usage. Therefore, the ``a'' shapes occupy the first positions: '00 through '04, ``b'' shapes are in positions '05 through '11 and so forth. The accents and diacritics follow the character shapes and are in the last positions in the font. This approach was taken because under it was assumed that under most circumstances, the user would most likely be accessing the characters with the use of macros rather than by typing large portions of entirely phonetic text. Aside from keeping like shapes together, the positioning of the \wsu\ font was fairly arbitrary. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \section{Character Description} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Within this section each of the \wsu\ characters are shown in a \meta\ ``smoke mode'' proof. The octal character position is indicated, along with the corresponding macro name in \ipam, and the name of the character given in P\&L. Only the roman characters will be illustrated since the shapes of the slanted and bold extended are the same.\par There are several Greek characters included in the \wsu\ font, and initially it may appear these are merely copies of the corresponding CM Greek characters. That is true with one very important distinction: the \wsu\ Greek characters included are not italic. All the lowercase Greek characters included in the CM fonts are italic which makes them unsuitable for some situations in phonetics where a non-italic Greek character is essential.\par \raggedbottom \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|l|c|l|l|} \hline \multicolumn{4}{|c|}{\bf WSUIPA Characters}\\ \hline\hline Char&Char&{\sc IPAMACS}&{\sc Pullum \&\ Ladusaw}\\ Code& & Name & Name\\ \hline \D'00 &\B{inva} &turned a\\ \D'01 &\B{scripta} &script a\\ \D'02 &\B{nialpha} &lowercase non-italic alpha\\ \D'03 &\B{invscripta} &turned script a\\ \D'04 &\B{invv} &inverted v\\ \D'05 &\B{crossb} &crossed b\\ \D'06 &\B{barb} &barred b\\ \D'07 &\B{slashb} &slashed b\\ \D'10 &\B{hookb} &hooktop b\\ \D'11 &\B{nibeta} &non-italic lowercase beta\\ \D'12 &\B{slashc} &slashed c\\ \D'13 &\B{curlyc} &curly-tail c\\ \D'14 &\B{clickc} &stretched c\\ \D'15 &\B{crossd} &crossed d\\ \D'16 &\B{bard} &barred d\\ \D'17 &\B{slashd} &slashed d\\ \D'20 &\B{hookd} &hooktop d\\ \D'21 &\B{taild} &right-tail d\\ \D'22 &\B{dz} &d-yogh ligature\\ \D'23 &\B{eth} ð\\ \D'24 &\B{scd} &small capital D\\ \D'25 &\B{schwa} &schwa\\ \D'26 &\B{er} &right-hook schwa\\ \D'27 &\B{reve} &reversed e\\ \D'30 &\B{niepsilon} &non-italic greek epsilon\\ \D'31 &\B{revepsilon} &reversed non-italic epsilon\\ \D'32 &\B{hookrevepsilon} &right-hook reversed non-italic epsilon\\ \D'33 &\B{closedrevepsilon} &closed reversed non-italic epsilon\\ \D'34 &\B{scriptg} &lowercase variant g\\ \D'35 &\B{hookg} &hooktop g\\ \D'36 &\B{scg} &small capital G\\ \D'37 &\B{nigamma} &non-italic gamma\\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \newpage \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|l|c|l|l|} \hline \multicolumn{4}{|c|}{\bf WSUIPA Characters}\\ \hline\hline Char&Char&{\sc IPAMACS}&{\sc Pullum \&\ Ladusaw}\\ Code& & Name & Name\\ \hline \D'40 &\B{ipagamma} &IPA Gamma\\ \D'41 &\B{babygamma} &baby gamma\\ \D'42 &\B{hv} &h-v ligature\\ \D'43 &\B{crossh} &crossed h\\ \D'44 &\B{hookg} &hooktop g\\ \D'45 &\B{hookheng} &hooktop heng\\ \D'46 &\B{invh} &turned h\\ \D'47 &\B{bari} &barred i\\ \D'50 &\B{dlbari} &barred dotless i\\ \D'51 &\B{niiota} &non-italic greek iota\\ \D'52 &\B{sci} &small capital I\\ \D'53 &\B{barsci} &barred small capital I\\ \D'54 &\B{invf} &barred dotless j\\ \D'55 &\B{tildel} &l with tilde\\ \D'56 &\B{barl} &barred l\\ \D'57 &\B{latfric} &belted l\\ \D'60 &\B{taill} &l with right tail\\ \D'61 &\B{lz} &l-yogh ligature\\ \D'62 &\B{nilambda} &non-italic greek lambda\\ \D'63 &\B{crossnilambda} &crossed lambda\\ \D'64 &\B{labdentalnas} &m with leftward tail at right\\ \D'65 &\B{invm} &turned m\\ \D'66 &\B{legm} &turned m with long right leg\\ \D'67 &\B{nj} &n with leftward hook at left\\ \D'70 &\B{eng} &eng\\ \D'71 &\B{tailn} &n with right tail\\ \D'72 &\B{scn} &small capital N\\ \D'73 &\B{clickb} &bull's eye\\ \D'74 &\B{baro} &barred o\\ \D'75 &\B{openo} &open o\\ \D'76 &\B{niomega} &non-italic lowercase greek omega\\ \D'77 &\B{closedniomega} &closed omega\\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \newpage \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|l|c|l|l|} \hline \multicolumn{4}{|c|}{\bf WSUIPA Characters}\\ \hline\hline Char&Char&{\sc IPAMACS}&{\sc Pullum \&\ Ladusaw}\\ Code& & Name & Name\\ \hline \D'100 &\B{oo} &double o\\ \D'101 &\B{barp} &barred p\\ \D'102 &\B{thorn} þ\\ \D'103 &\B{niphi} &non-italic lowercase greek phi\\ \D'104 &\B{flapr} &fish hook r\\ \D'105 &\B{legr} &r with long leg\\ \D'106 &\B{tailr} &r with right tail\\ \D'107 &\B{invr} &turned r\\ \D'110 &\B{tailinvr} &turned r with right tail\\ \D'111 &\B{invlegr} &turned long-legged r\\ \D'112 &\B{scr} &small capital R\\ \D'113 &\B{invscr} &inverted small capital R\\ \D'114 &\B{tails} &s with right tail\\ \D'115 &\B{esh} &esh\\ \D'116 &\B{curlyesh} &curly-tail esh\\ \D'117 &\B{nisigma} &non-italic lowercase greek sigma\\ \D'120 &\B{tailt} &t with right tail\\ \D'121 &\B{tesh} &t-esh ligature\\ \D'122 &\B{clickt} &turned t\\ \D'123 &\B{nitheta} &non-italic lowercase greek theta\\ \D'124 &\B{baru} &barred u\\ \D'125 &\B{slashu} &slashed u\\ \D'126 &\B{niupsilon} &non-italic lowercase greek upsilon\\ \D'127 &\B{scu} &small capital U\\ \D'130 &\B{barscu} &barred small capital U\\ \D'131 &\B{scriptv} &script v\\ \D'132 &\B{invw} &inverted w\\ \D'133 &\B{nichi} &non-italic lowercase greek chi\\ \D'134 &\B{invy} &turned y\\ \D'135 &\B{scy} &small capital Y\\ \D'136 &\B{curlyz} &curly-tail z\\ \D'137 &\B{tailz} &z with right tail\\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \newpage \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|l|c|l|l|} \hline \multicolumn{4}{|c|}{\bf WSUIPA Characters}\\ \hline\hline Char&Char&{\sc IPAMACS}&{\sc Pullum \&\ Ladusaw}\\ Code& & Name & Name\\ \hline \D'140 &\B{yogh} &yogh\\ \D'141 &\B{curlyyogh} &curly-tail yogh\\ \D'142 &\B{glotstop} &glottal stop\\ \D'143 &\B{revglotstop} &reversed glottal stop\\ \D'144 &\B{invglotstop} &inverted glottal stop\\ \D'145 &\B{ejective} &ejective\\ \D'146 &\B{reveject} &reversed ejective\\ \D'147 &\B{dental{\char'043}1} &subscript bridge\\ \D'150 &\B{stress} &vertical stroke (superior)\\ \D'151 &\B{secstress} &vertical stroke (inferior)\\ \D'152 &\B{syllabic} &syllabicity mark\\ \D'153 &\B{corner} &corner\\ \D'154 &\B{upt} &IPA pointer\\ \D'155 &\B{downt} &IPA pointer\\ \D'156 &\B{leftt} &IPA pointer\\ \D'157 &\B{rightt} &IPA pointer\\ \D'160 &\B{halflength} &half-length mark\\ \D'161 &\B{length} &length mark\\ \D'162 &\B{underdots} &subscript umlaut\\ \D'163 &\B{ain} &reversed apostrophe\\ \D'164 &\B{upp} &pointer\\ \D'165 &\B{downp} &pointer\\ \D'166 &\B{leftp} &pointer\\ \D'167 &\B{rightp} &pointer\\ \D'170 &\B{overring} &over-ring\\ \D'171 &\B{underring} &under-ring\\ \D'172 &\B{open} &subscript left half-ring\\ \D'173 &\B{midtilde} &superimposed (mid-) tilde\\ \D'174 &\B{undertilde} &subscript tilde\\ \D'175 &\B{underwedge} &subscript wedge\\ \D'176 &\B{polishhook} &polish hook\\ \D'177 &\B{underarch} &subscript arch\\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \newpage \flushbottom %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \section{Using the IPAMACS Macros} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% In addition to the necessary font-related files, the \wsu\ font package also includes a file called {\tt IPAMACS.TEX}. This is a macro file which includes font declarations and definitions for use with the \wsu\ fonts. It also contains macro definitions for accessing each \wsu\ character mnemonically, as well as some macro definitions to simplify using \wsu\ accents and diacritics with Computer Modern characters and vice versa.\par Before you can use any of the macros from the \ipam\ file, you must input the {\tt IPAMACS.TEX} file by entering, \begin{verbatim} \input ipamacs \end{verbatim} at the top of your \TeX\ file. This assumes, of course, that you have installed this file. The \ipam\ file defines a font called \B{ipa} to be the twelve point roman \wsu\ font. The \B{ipa} font is used in all the macro definitions in \ipam\ to access the characters from the \wsu\ font. You may redefine \B{ipa}, say to be ten point roman, by entering \begin{verbatim} \font\ipatenrm=wsuipa10 \def\ipa{\ipatenrm} \end{verbatim} within your file. From that point on, all the \wsu\ characters accessed by using the \ipam\ macros will be the ten-point roman \wsu.\par To access individual \wsu\ characters within sentences set in Computer Modern, you need only to enter the \B{ipa} command. For example, \begin{quote}\begin{verbatim} A shibilant is a term occasionally found for a fricative corresponding to a ``hushing'' sound, e.g., IPA [\esh] (more technically, a grooved laminal fricative). \end{verbatim}\end{quote} which will print as: \begin{quote} A shibilant is a term occasionally found for a fricative corresponding to a ``hushing'' sound, e.g., IPA [\esh] (more technically, a grooved laminal fricative). \end{quote} The \ipam\ character macros are defined so they can be used with the CM characters and accents without the need for delimiting curly braces. By using the \ipam\ definitions, you can use the CM accents with a \wsu\ character in the same way you would accent a CM character. The following input \begin{quote}\begin{verbatim} The superscript tilde is a nasalization marker for vowels, thus [\~\scripta] is a nasalized [\scripta]. \end{verbatim}\end{quote} will print as: \begin{quote} The superscript tilde is a nasalization marker for vowels, thus [\~\scripta] is a nasalized [\scripta]. \end{quote} The \wsu\ accents can be used with CM characters. However, only the \wsu\ \B{dental} and \B{underarch} have been defined in \ipam\ and both are diacritics which go under a character. To use any other \wsu\ character as an accent either with a CM character or with another \wsu\ character, you can define the \wsu\ accent in the same way that the CM accents are defined. For example, an ``over-ring'' accent could be defined as, \begin{verbatim} \def\or#1{{\edef\next{\the\font}% \ipatwelverm\accent"78\next#1}} \end{verbatim} and may be used like, \begin{quote}\begin{verbatim} The over-ring may be used over letters with descenders as an alternative to under-ring to indicate devoicing, e.g. [\or g]. \end{verbatim}\end{quote} which will print as: \begin{quote} \def\or#1{{\edef\next{\the\font}% \ipatwelverm\accent"78\next#1}} The over-ring may be used over letters with descenders as an alternative to under-ring to indicate devoicing, e.g. [\or g]. \end{quote} Most of the \wsu\ diacritics are intended to go under characters, like the ``underarch'' and ``dental'' mentioned above. You may define other ``under'' accents in the same way as these two. For example, an ``undercircle'' could be defined as, \begin{verbatim} \def\undercirc#1{\oalign{#1\crcr \hidewidth\underring\hidewidth}} \end{verbatim} With this definition, the input \begin{quote}\begin{verbatim} A voiceless trilled r [\undercirc r] in certain Scottish dialects. \end{verbatim}\end{quote} will print as: \begin{quote} \def\undercirc#1{\oalign{#1\crcr\hidewidth\underring\hidewidth}} A voiceless trilled r [\undercirc r] in certain Scottish dialects. \end{quote} If the spacing or placement of the diacritic is not exactly what you desire with the basic definition given above, you can add kerns where needed. For example, if you want more space between the ``undercircle'' and the character, you could change the definition to be, \begin{verbatim} \def\undercirc#1{\oalign{#1\crcr \hidewidth\raise.1ex\hbox{\underring}\hidewidth}} \end{verbatim} and this input \begin{quote}\begin{verbatim} A voiceless trilled r [\undercirc r] in certain Scottish dialects. \end{verbatim}\end{quote} will print as: \begin{quote} \def\undercirc#1{\oalign{#1\crcr\hidewidth \raise.1ex\hbox{\underring}\hidewidth}} A voiceless trilled r [\undercirc r] in certain Scottish dialects. \end{quote} Your diacritic definitions may be as general or specific as you wish. At one institution which uses the \wsu\ fonts, they prefer the ``undercircle'' to be placed differently when it falls under an r than any other character. To accomplish this, they use the following definition for \B{undercirc}: \begin{verbatim} \def\undercirc#1{\ifx#1r \oalign{#1\crcr\hidewidth\kern.24em\underring \hidewidth\crcr} \else\oalign{#1\crcr \hidewidth\raise.1ex\hbox{\underring}\hidewidth}} \fi} \end{verbatim} With this definition of \B{undercirc}, the following input \begin{quote}\begin{verbatim} To illustrate the different placement of the \underring on an \undercirc s and on an \undercirc r. \end{verbatim}\end{quote} will print as \begin{quote} \def\undercirc#1{\ifx#1r \oalign{#1\crcr\hidewidth\kern.24em\underring \hidewidth\crcr} \else\oalign{#1\crcr \hidewidth\raise.1ex\hbox{\underring}\hidewidth} \fi} To illustrate the different placement of the \underring on an \undercirc s and on an \undercirc r. \end{quote} \ipam\ also includes a macro called \B{diatop which} provides an alternative way of getting one or more characters, accents, or diacritics over one another. The \B{diatop} macro takes one argument which is delimited by square brackets ([]) rather than curly braces, and has two parts. The first part of the argument is delimited, or separated, from the second part by a vertical bar ($\vert$). \B{diatop} puts the first part of the argument over the second.\par Using \B{diatop} instead of our previous definition for the ``overring,'' (\B{or}) you could input, \begin{quote}\begin{verbatim} The overring may be used over letters with descenders as an alternative to under-ring to indicate devoicing, e.g. [\diatop[\overring|g]]. \end{verbatim}\end{quote} and the output would be, \begin{quote} The overring may be used over letters with descenders as an alternative to under-ring to indicate devoicing, e.g. [\diatop[\overring|g]]. \end{quote} More than one character can be stacked over another character by using \B{diatop}. For example, \begin{quote}\begin{verbatim} For a really special \diatop[{\diatop{\'|\overring]}|n] \end{verbatim}\end{quote} will print as: \begin{quote} For a really special \diatop[{\diatop[\'|\overring]}|n] \end{quote} Notice the use of curly braces to group the argument of the first \B{diatop} when more than one \B{diatop} command is used.\par It is also possible to get one or more accents over a character and another accent or character under it. Assuming that \B{undercirc} has been defined as described earlier, the following example \begin{quote}\begin{verbatim} This is a really, really special \diatop[\overring|\undercirc{r}] \end{verbatim}\end{quote} will print as: \begin{quote} \def\undercirc#1{\oalign{#1\crcr\hidewidth\underring\hidewidth}} This is a really, really special \diatop[\overring|\undercirc{r}] \end{quote} The \ipam\ do not sent up the \wsu\ fonts to be part of a font family definition, which means that any \wsu\ character that is accessed by an \ipam\ macro, will always print out in the same font (wsuipa12, by default), regardless of what size or typeface you may have been using when the \ipam\ macro was called. In other words, whatever font \B{ipa} is defined to be, determines the font \ipam\ will call.\par In order to get slanted \wsu\ characters when \B{it} or \B{sl} is being used, or bold \wsu\ characters when \B{bf} is being used, you must include the definition of \B{ipa} as part of your font family definitions.\par Without redefining \B{ipa}, the following input, \begin{quote}\begin{verbatim} \dots which is the case in the aforementioned instances, however, {\bf this does not preclude the other retroflex consonants: [\nj], [\taill], [\taild], and [\tailr]}. \end{verbatim}\end{quote} will print as, \begin{quote} \dots which is the case in the aforementioned instances, however, {\bf this does not preclude the other retroflex consonants: [\nj], [\taill], [\taild], and [\tailr]}. \end{quote} Now, with \B{ipa} defined within the twelve-point font family, as illustrated below \begin{verbatim} \font\twelverm=cmr12 \font\twelvei=cmmi12 \font\twelvesy=cmsy12 \font\twelveex=cmex12 \font\twelveit=cmti12 \font\twelvebf=cmbx12 \font\twelveipa=wsuipa12 \font\twelveslipa=wslipa12 \font\twelvebfipa=wbxipa12 % \def\twelvepoint{% \textfont0=\B{twelverm \scriptfont0=\sevenrm \scriptscriptfont0=\sevenrm \def\rm{\fam0\twelverm\def\ipa{\twelvermipa}}\% \textfont1=\twelvei \scriptfont1=\sevenrm \scriptscriptfont1=\sevenrm \textfont2=\twelvesy \scriptfont2=\sevensy \scriptscriptfont2=\sevensy \textfont3=\twelveex \scriptfont3=\twelveex \scriptscriptfont3=\twelveex \textfont\itfam=\twelveit \def\it\{\fam\itfam\twelveit\def\ipa{\twelveslipa}}% \textfont\bffam=\twelvebf \def\bf{\fam\bffam\twelvebf\def\ipa{\twelvebfipa}}% \rm}% % \twelvepoint % \end{verbatim} the previous input of \begin{quote}\begin{verbatim} \dots which is the case in the aforementioned instances, however, {\bf this does not preclude the other retroflex consonants: [\nj], [\taill], [\taild], and [\tailr]}. \end{verbatim}\end{quote} will print as, \begin{quote} \font\twelvebfipa=wbxipa12\font\twelvebf=cmbx12\def\bf{\fam\bffam\twelvebf \def\ipa{\twelvebfipa}}% \dots which is the case in the aforementioned instances, however, {\bf this does not preclude the other retroflex consonants: [\nj], [\taill], [\taild], and [\tailr]}. \end{quote} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \end{document}